Chapter 4: Arduino Build-in Examples
Note
In this chapter, all snippets of sketch codes are from the official Arduino Examples.
Section 4.1: 01.Basics Examples
4.1.1 AnalogReadSerial
Sketch Code
/*
AnalogReadSerial
Reads an analog input on pin 0, prints the result to the Serial Monitor.
Graphical representation is available using Serial Plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu).
Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground.
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/AnalogReadSerial
*/
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(sensorValue);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.1.2 BareMinimum
Sketch Code
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}
This sketch simply shows the standard template when coding for any Arduino boards. As you can see, there are typically only 2 functions:
- setup(): for initialization
- loop(): normally, a forever loop that runs infinitely
From this bare minimum template, we can easily tell Arduino is a Microcontroller with a single thread, and of course for a single user.
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
N/A
4.1.3 Blink
Sketch Code
/*
Blink
Turns an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
Most Arduinos have an on-board LED you can control. On the UNO, MEGA and ZERO
it is attached to digital pin 13, on MKR1000 on pin 6. LED_BUILTIN is set to
the correct LED pin independent of which board is used.
If you want to know what pin the on-board LED is connected to on your Arduino
model, check the Technical Specs of your board at:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
modified 8 May 2014
by Scott Fitzgerald
modified 2 Sep 2016
by Arturo Guadalupi
modified 8 Sep 2016
by Colby Newman
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Blink
*/
// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.1.4 DigitalReadSerial
Sketch Code
/*
DigitalReadSerial
Reads a digital input on pin 2, prints the result to the Serial Monitor
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/DigitalReadSerial
*/
// digital pin 2 has a pushbutton attached to it. Give it a name:
int pushButton = 2;
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
// make the pushbutton's pin an input:
pinMode(pushButton, INPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input pin:
int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton);
// print out the state of the button:
Serial.println(buttonState);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.1.5 Fade
Sketch Code
/*
Fade
This example shows how to fade an LED on pin 9 using the analogWrite()
function.
The analogWrite() function uses PWM, so if you want to change the pin you're
using, be sure to use another PWM capable pin. On most Arduino, the PWM pins
are identified with a "~" sign, like ~3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10 and ~11.
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Fade
*/
int led = 9; // the PWM pin the LED is attached to
int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is
int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// declare pin 9 to be an output:
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// set the brightness of pin 9:
analogWrite(led, brightness);
// change the brightness for next time through the loop:
brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;
// reverse the direction of the fading at the ends of the fade:
if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {
fadeAmount = -fadeAmount;
}
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.1.6 ReadAnalogVoltage
Sketch Code
/*
ReadAnalogVoltage
Reads an analog input on pin 0, converts it to voltage, and prints the result to the Serial Monitor.
Graphical representation is available using Serial Plotter (Tools > Serial Plotter menu).
Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground.
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ReadAnalogVoltage
*/
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):
float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(voltage);
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
Video Demonstration
Section 4.2: 02.Digital Examples
4.2.1 BlinkWithoutDelay
Sketch Code
/*
Blink without Delay
Turns on and off a light emitting diode (LED) connected to a digital pin,
without using the delay() function. This means that other code can run at the
same time without being interrupted by the LED code.
The circuit:
- Use the onboard LED.
- Note: Most Arduinos have an on-board LED you can control. On the UNO, MEGA
and ZERO it is attached to digital pin 13, on MKR1000 on pin 6. LED_BUILTIN
is set to the correct LED pin independent of which board is used.
If you want to know what pin the on-board LED is connected to on your
Arduino model, check the Technical Specs of your board at:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
created 2005
by David A. Mellis
modified 8 Feb 2010
by Paul Stoffregen
modified 11 Nov 2013
by Scott Fitzgerald
modified 9 Jan 2017
by Arturo Guadalupi
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/BlinkWithoutDelay
*/
// constants won't change. Used here to set a pin number:
const int ledPin = LED_BUILTIN; // the number of the LED pin
// Variables will change:
int ledState = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
// Generally, you should use "unsigned long" for variables that hold time
// The value will quickly become too large for an int to store
unsigned long previousMillis = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
// constants won't change:
const long interval = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
void setup() {
// set the digital pin as output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// here is where you'd put code that needs to be running all the time.
// check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, if the difference
// between the current time and last time you blinked the LED is bigger than
// the interval at which you want to blink the LED.
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {
// save the last time you blinked the LED
previousMillis = currentMillis;
// if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
if (ledState == LOW) {
ledState = HIGH;
} else {
ledState = LOW;
}
// set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.2.2 Button
Sketch Code
/*
Button
Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to digital pin 13,
when pressing a pushbutton attached to pin 2.
The circuit:
- LED attached from pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
- pushbutton attached to pin 2 from +5V
- 10K resistor attached to pin 2 from ground
- Note: on most Arduinos there is already an LED on the board
attached to pin 13.
created 2005
by DojoDave <http://www.0j0.org>
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Button
*/
// constants won't change. They're used here to set pin numbers:
const int buttonPin = 2; // the number of the pushbutton pin
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin
// variables will change:
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the pushbutton value:
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// check if the pushbutton is pressed. If it is, the buttonState is HIGH:
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Roughly the same as Example DigitalReadSerial
Video Demonstration
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
4.2.3 Debounce
Sketch Code
/*
Debounce
Each time the input pin goes from LOW to HIGH (e.g. because of a push-button
press), the output pin is toggled from LOW to HIGH or HIGH to LOW. There's a
minimum delay between toggles to debounce the circuit (i.e. to ignore noise).
The circuit:
- LED attached from pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
- pushbutton attached from pin 2 to +5V
- 10 kilohm resistor attached from pin 2 to ground
- Note: On most Arduino boards, there is already an LED on the board connected
to pin 13, so you don't need any extra components for this example.
created 21 Nov 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Limor Fried
modified 28 Dec 2012
by Mike Walters
modified 30 Aug 2016
by Arturo Guadalupi
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Debounce
*/
// constants won't change. They're used here to set pin numbers:
const int buttonPin = 2; // the number of the pushbutton pin
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin
// Variables will change:
int ledState = HIGH; // the current state of the output pin
int buttonState; // the current reading from the input pin
int lastButtonState = LOW; // the previous reading from the input pin
// the following variables are unsigned longs because the time, measured in
// milliseconds, will quickly become a bigger number than can be stored in an int.
unsigned long lastDebounceTime = 0; // the last time the output pin was toggled
unsigned long debounceDelay = 50; // the debounce time; increase if the output flickers
void setup() {
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// set initial LED state
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the switch into a local variable:
int reading = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// check to see if you just pressed the button
// (i.e. the input went from LOW to HIGH), and you've waited long enough
// since the last press to ignore any noise:
// If the switch changed, due to noise or pressing:
if (reading != lastButtonState) {
// reset the debouncing timer
lastDebounceTime = millis();
}
if ((millis() - lastDebounceTime) > debounceDelay) {
// whatever the reading is at, it's been there for longer than the debounce
// delay, so take it as the actual current state:
// if the button state has changed:
if (reading != buttonState) {
buttonState = reading;
// only toggle the LED if the new button state is HIGH
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
ledState = !ledState;
}
}
}
// set the LED:
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
// save the reading. Next time through the loop, it'll be the lastButtonState:
lastButtonState = reading;
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
Video Demonstration
4.2.4 DigitalInputPullup
Sketch Code
/*
Input Pull-up Serial
This example demonstrates the use of pinMode(INPUT_PULLUP). It reads a digital
input on pin 2 and prints the results to the Serial Monitor.
The circuit:
- momentary switch attached from pin 2 to ground
- built-in LED on pin 13
Unlike pinMode(INPUT), there is no pull-down resistor necessary. An internal
20K-ohm resistor is pulled to 5V. This configuration causes the input to read
HIGH when the switch is open, and LOW when it is closed.
created 14 Mar 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/InputPullupSerial
*/
void setup() {
//start serial connection
Serial.begin(9600);
//configure pin 2 as an input and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
//read the pushbutton value into a variable
int sensorVal = digitalRead(2);
//print out the value of the pushbutton
Serial.println(sensorVal);
// Keep in mind the pull-up means the pushbutton's logic is inverted. It goes
// HIGH when it's open, and LOW when it's pressed. Turn on pin 13 when the
// button's pressed, and off when it's not:
if (sensorVal == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.2.5 StateChangeDetection
Sketch Code
/*
State change detection (edge detection)
Often, you don't need to know the state of a digital input all the time, but
you just need to know when the input changes from one state to another.
For example, you want to know when a button goes from OFF to ON. This is called
state change detection, or edge detection.
This example shows how to detect when a button or button changes from off to on
and on to off.
The circuit:
- pushbutton attached to pin 2 from +5V
- 10 kilohm resistor attached to pin 2 from ground
- LED attached from pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor (or use the
built-in LED on most Arduino boards)
created 27 Sep 2005
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StateChangeDetection
*/
// this constant won't change:
const int buttonPin = 2; // the pin that the pushbutton is attached to
const int ledPin = 13; // the pin that the LED is attached to
// Variables will change:
int buttonPushCounter = 0; // counter for the number of button presses
int buttonState = 0; // current state of the button
int lastButtonState = 0; // previous state of the button
void setup() {
// initialize the button pin as a input:
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
// initialize the LED as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the pushbutton input pin:
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// compare the buttonState to its previous state
if (buttonState != lastButtonState) {
// if the state has changed, increment the counter
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
// if the current state is HIGH then the button went from off to on:
buttonPushCounter++;
Serial.println("on");
Serial.print("number of button pushes: ");
Serial.println(buttonPushCounter);
} else {
// if the current state is LOW then the button went from on to off:
Serial.println("off");
}
// Delay a little bit to avoid bouncing
delay(50);
}
// save the current state as the last state, for next time through the loop
lastButtonState = buttonState;
// turns on the LED every four button pushes by checking the modulo of the
// button push counter. the modulo function gives you the remainder of the
// division of two numbers:
if (buttonPushCounter % 4 == 0) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
Video Demonstration
4.2.6 toneKeyboard
Sketch Code
/*
Keyboard
Plays a pitch that changes based on a changing analog input
circuit:
- three force-sensing resistors from +5V to analog in 0 through 5
- three 10 kilohm resistors from analog in 0 through 5 to ground
- 8 ohm speaker on digital pin 8
created 21 Jan 2010
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/toneKeyboard
*/
#include "pitches.h"
const int threshold = 10; // minimum reading of the sensors that generates a note
// notes to play, corresponding to the 3 sensors:
int notes[] = {
NOTE_A4, NOTE_B4, NOTE_C3
};
void setup() {
}
void loop() {
for (int thisSensor = 0; thisSensor < 3; thisSensor++) {
// get a sensor reading:
int sensorReading = analogRead(thisSensor);
// if the sensor is pressed hard enough:
if (sensorReading > threshold) {
// play the note corresponding to this sensor:
tone(8, notes[thisSensor], 20);
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
N/A
4.2.7 toneMelody
Sketch Code
/*
Melody
Plays a melody
circuit:
- 8 ohm speaker on digital pin 8
created 21 Jan 2010
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/toneMelody
*/
#include "pitches.h"
// notes in the melody:
int melody[] = {
NOTE_C4, NOTE_G3, NOTE_G3, NOTE_A3, NOTE_G3, 0, NOTE_B3, NOTE_C4
};
// note durations: 4 = quarter note, 8 = eighth note, etc.:
int noteDurations[] = {
4, 8, 8, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4
};
void setup() {
// iterate over the notes of the melody:
for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < 8; thisNote++) {
// to calculate the note duration, take one second divided by the note type.
//e.g. quarter note = 1000 / 4, eighth note = 1000/8, etc.
int noteDuration = 1000 / noteDurations[thisNote];
tone(8, melody[thisNote], noteDuration);
// to distinguish the notes, set a minimum time between them.
// the note's duration + 30% seems to work well:
int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.30;
delay(pauseBetweenNotes);
// stop the tone playing:
noTone(8);
}
}
void loop() {
// no need to repeat the melody.
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.2.8 toneMultiple
Sketch Code
/*
Multiple tone player
Plays multiple tones on multiple pins in sequence
circuit:
- three 8 ohm speakers on digital pins 6, 7, and 8
created 8 Mar 2010
by Tom Igoe
based on a snippet from Greg Borenstein
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/toneMultiple
*/
void setup() {
}
void loop() {
// turn off tone function for pin 8:
noTone(8);
// play a note on pin 6 for 200 ms:
tone(6, 440, 200);
delay(200);
// turn off tone function for pin 6:
noTone(6);
// play a note on pin 7 for 500 ms:
tone(7, 494, 500);
delay(500);
// turn off tone function for pin 7:
noTone(7);
// play a note on pin 8 for 300 ms:
tone(8, 523, 300);
delay(300);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
N/A
4.2.9 tonePitchFollower
Sketch Code
/*
Pitch follower
Plays a pitch that changes based on a changing analog input
circuit:
- 8 ohm speaker on digital pin 9
- photoresistor on analog 0 to 5V
- 4.7 kilohm resistor on analog 0 to ground
created 21 Jan 2010
modified 31 May 2012
by Tom Igoe, with suggestion from Michael Flynn
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/tonePitchFollower
*/
void setup() {
// initialize serial communications (for debugging only):
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor:
int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
// print the sensor reading so you know its range
Serial.println(sensorReading);
// map the analog input range (in this case, 400 - 1000 from the photoresistor)
// to the output pitch range (120 - 1500Hz)
// change the minimum and maximum input numbers below depending on the range
// your sensor's giving:
int thisPitch = map(sensorReading, 400, 1000, 120, 1500);
// play the pitch:
tone(9, thisPitch, 10);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
N/A
Section 4.3: 03.Analog Examples
4.3.1 AnalogInOutSerial
Sketch Code
/*
Analog input, analog output, serial output
Reads an analog input pin, maps the result to a range from 0 to 255 and uses
the result to set the pulse width modulation (PWM) of an output pin.
Also prints the results to the Serial Monitor.
The circuit:
- potentiometer connected to analog pin 0.
Center pin of the potentiometer goes to the analog pin.
side pins of the potentiometer go to +5V and ground
- LED connected from digital pin 9 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
created 29 Dec. 2008
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/AnalogInOutSerial
*/
// These constants won't change. They're used to give names to the pins used:
const int analogInPin = A0; // Analog input pin that the potentiometer is attached to
const int analogOutPin = 9; // Analog output pin that the LED is attached to
int sensorValue = 0; // value read from the pot
int outputValue = 0; // value output to the PWM (analog out)
void setup() {
// initialize serial communications at 9600 bps:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the analog in value:
sensorValue = analogRead(analogInPin);
// map it to the range of the analog out:
outputValue = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
// change the analog out value:
analogWrite(analogOutPin, outputValue);
// print the results to the Serial Monitor:
Serial.print("sensor = ");
Serial.print(sensorValue);
Serial.print("\t output = ");
Serial.println(outputValue);
// wait 2 milliseconds before the next loop for the analog-to-digital
// converter to settle after the last reading:
delay(2);
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
Video Demonstration
4.3.2 AnalogInput
Sketch Code
/*
Analog Input
Demonstrates analog input by reading an analog sensor on analog pin 0 and
turning on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to digital pin 13.
The amount of time the LED will be on and off depends on the value obtained
by analogRead().
The circuit:
- potentiometer
center pin of the potentiometer to the analog input 0
one side pin (either one) to ground
the other side pin to +5V
- LED
anode (long leg) attached to digital output 13 through 220 ohm resistor
cathode (short leg) attached to ground
- Note: because most Arduinos have a built-in LED attached to pin 13 on the
board, the LED is optional.
created by David Cuartielles
modified 30 Aug 2011
By Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/AnalogInput
*/
int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int ledPin = 13; // select the pin for the LED
int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
// declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the value from the sensor:
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
// turn the ledPin on
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
// stop the program for <sensorValue> milliseconds:
delay(sensorValue);
// turn the ledPin off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
// stop the program for for <sensorValue> milliseconds:
delay(sensorValue);
}
Fritzing Circuit
With Potentiometer
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
With Photoresistor
KiCad Schematic
With Potentiometer
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
With Photoresistor
Video Demonstration
4.3.3 AnalogWriteMega
Sketch Code
/*
Mega analogWrite() test
This sketch fades LEDs up and down one at a time on digital pins 2 through 13.
This sketch was written for the Arduino Mega, and will not work on other boards.
The circuit:
- LEDs attached from pins 2 through 13 to ground.
created 8 Feb 2009
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/AnalogWriteMega
*/
// These constants won't change. They're used to give names to the pins used:
const int lowestPin = 2;
const int highestPin = 13;
void setup() {
// set pins 2 through 13 as outputs:
for (int thisPin = lowestPin; thisPin <= highestPin; thisPin++) {
pinMode(thisPin, OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
// iterate over the pins:
for (int thisPin = lowestPin; thisPin <= highestPin; thisPin++) {
// fade the LED on thisPin from off to brightest:
for (int brightness = 0; brightness < 255; brightness++) {
analogWrite(thisPin, brightness);
delay(2);
}
// fade the LED on thisPin from brightest to off:
for (int brightness = 255; brightness >= 0; brightness--) {
analogWrite(thisPin, brightness);
delay(2);
}
// pause between LEDs:
delay(100);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.3.4 Calibration
Sketch Code
/*
Calibration
Demonstrates one technique for calibrating sensor input. The sensor readings
during the first five seconds of the sketch execution define the minimum and
maximum of expected values attached to the sensor pin.
The sensor minimum and maximum initial values may seem backwards. Initially,
you set the minimum high and listen for anything lower, saving it as the new
minimum. Likewise, you set the maximum low and listen for anything higher as
the new maximum.
The circuit:
- analog sensor (potentiometer will do) attached to analog input 0
- LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
created 29 Oct 2008
by David A Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
modified 07 Apr 2017
by Zachary J. Fields
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Calibration
*/
// These constants won't change:
const int sensorPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to
const int ledPin = 9; // pin that the LED is attached to
// variables:
int sensorValue = 0; // the sensor value
int sensorMin = 1023; // minimum sensor value
int sensorMax = 0; // maximum sensor value
void setup() {
// turn on LED to signal the start of the calibration period:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
// calibrate during the first five seconds
while (millis() < 5000) {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
// record the maximum sensor value
if (sensorValue > sensorMax) {
sensorMax = sensorValue;
}
// record the minimum sensor value
if (sensorValue < sensorMin) {
sensorMin = sensorValue;
}
}
// signal the end of the calibration period
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor:
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
// in case the sensor value is outside the range seen during calibration
sensorValue = constrain(sensorValue, sensorMin, sensorMax);
// apply the calibration to the sensor reading
sensorValue = map(sensorValue, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 255);
// fade the LED using the calibrated value:
analogWrite(ledPin, sensorValue);
}
Fritzing Circuit
Note
There is an error from the official Arduino built-in example Calibration. Please refer to my issue asked at Is the sketch for Calibration wrong?
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.3.5 Fading
Sketch Code
/*
Fading
This example shows how to fade an LED using the analogWrite() function.
The circuit:
- LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground through 220 ohm resistor.
created 1 Nov 2008
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Fading
*/
int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9
void setup() {
// nothing happens in setup
}
void loop() {
// fade in from min to max in increments of 5 points:
for (int fadeValue = 0; fadeValue <= 255; fadeValue += 5) {
// sets the value (range from 0 to 255):
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue);
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}
// fade out from max to min in increments of 5 points:
for (int fadeValue = 255; fadeValue >= 0; fadeValue -= 5) {
// sets the value (range from 0 to 255):
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue);
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example Fade
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example Fade
Video Demonstration
4.3.6 Smotthing
Sketch Code
/*
Smoothing
Reads repeatedly from an analog input, calculating a running average and
printing it to the computer. Keeps ten readings in an array and continually
averages them.
The circuit:
- analog sensor (potentiometer will do) attached to analog input 0
created 22 Apr 2007
by David A. Mellis <dam@mellis.org>
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Smoothing
*/
// Define the number of samples to keep track of. The higher the number, the
// more the readings will be smoothed, but the slower the output will respond to
// the input. Using a constant rather than a normal variable lets us use this
// value to determine the size of the readings array.
const int numReadings = 10;
int readings[numReadings]; // the readings from the analog input
int readIndex = 0; // the index of the current reading
int total = 0; // the running total
int average = 0; // the average
int inputPin = A0;
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication with computer:
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize all the readings to 0:
for (int thisReading = 0; thisReading < numReadings; thisReading++) {
readings[thisReading] = 0;
}
}
void loop() {
// subtract the last reading:
total = total - readings[readIndex];
// read from the sensor:
readings[readIndex] = analogRead(inputPin);
// add the reading to the total:
total = total + readings[readIndex];
// advance to the next position in the array:
readIndex = readIndex + 1;
// if we're at the end of the array...
if (readIndex >= numReadings) {
// ...wrap around to the beginning:
readIndex = 0;
}
// calculate the average:
average = total / numReadings;
// send it to the computer as ASCII digits
Serial.println(average);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
Video Demonstration
Section 4.4: 04.Communication Examples
4.4.1 ASCIITable
Sketch Code
/*
ASCII table
Prints out byte values in all possible formats:
- as raw binary values
- as ASCII-encoded decimal, hex, octal, and binary values
For more on ASCII, see http://www.asciitable.com and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
The circuit: No external hardware needed.
created 2006
by Nicholas Zambetti <http://www.zambetti.com>
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ASCIITable
*/
void setup() {
//Initialize serial and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// prints title with ending line break
Serial.println("ASCII Table ~ Character Map");
}
// first visible ASCIIcharacter '!' is number 33:
int thisByte = 33;
// you can also write ASCII characters in single quotes.
// for example, '!' is the same as 33, so you could also use this:
// int thisByte = '!';
void loop() {
// prints value unaltered, i.e. the raw binary version of the byte.
// The Serial Monitor interprets all bytes as ASCII, so 33, the first number,
// will show up as '!'
Serial.write(thisByte);
Serial.print(", dec: ");
// prints value as string as an ASCII-encoded decimal (base 10).
// Decimal is the default format for Serial.print() and Serial.println(),
// so no modifier is needed:
Serial.print(thisByte);
// But you can declare the modifier for decimal if you want to.
// this also works if you uncomment it:
// Serial.print(thisByte, DEC);
Serial.print(", hex: ");
// prints value as string in hexadecimal (base 16):
Serial.print(thisByte, HEX);
Serial.print(", oct: ");
// prints value as string in octal (base 8);
Serial.print(thisByte, OCT);
Serial.print(", bin: ");
// prints value as string in binary (base 2) also prints ending line break:
Serial.println(thisByte, BIN);
// if printed last visible character '~' or 126, stop:
if (thisByte == 126) { // you could also use if (thisByte == '~') {
// This loop loops forever and does nothing
while (true) {
continue;
}
}
// go on to the next character
thisByte++;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.4.2 Dimmer
Sketch Code
/*
Dimmer
Demonstrates sending data from the computer to the Arduino board, in this case
to control the brightness of an LED. The data is sent in individual bytes,
each of which ranges from 0 to 255. Arduino reads these bytes and uses them to
set the brightness of the LED.
The circuit:
- LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground through 220 ohm resistor.
- Serial connection to Processing, Max/MSP, or another serial application
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Dimmer
*/
const int ledPin = 9; // the pin that the LED is attached to
void setup() {
// initialize the serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the ledPin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
byte brightness;
// check if data has been sent from the computer:
if (Serial.available()) {
// read the most recent byte (which will be from 0 to 255):
brightness = Serial.read();
// set the brightness of the LED:
analogWrite(ledPin, brightness);
}
}
/* Processing code for this example
// Dimmer - sends bytes over a serial port
// by David A. Mellis
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*;
Serial port;
void setup() {
size(256, 150);
println("Available serial ports:");
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// Uses the first port in this list (number 0). Change this to select the port
// corresponding to your Arduino board. The last parameter (e.g. 9600) is the
// speed of the communication. It has to correspond to the value passed to
// Serial.begin() in your Arduino sketch.
port = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
// If you know the name of the port used by the Arduino board, you can specify
// it directly like this.
//port = new Serial(this, "COM1", 9600);
}
void draw() {
// draw a gradient from black to white
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
stroke(i);
line(i, 0, i, 150);
}
// write the current X-position of the mouse to the serial port as
// a single byte
port.write(mouseX);
}
*/
/* Max/MSP v5 patch for this example
----------begin_max5_patcher----------
1008.3ocuXszaiaCD9r8uhA5rqAeHIa0aAMaAVf1S6hdoYQAsDiL6JQZHQ2M
YWr+2KeX4vjnjXKKkKhhiGQ9MeyCNz+X9rnMp63sQvuB+MLa1OlOalSjUvrC
ymEUytKuh05TKJWUWyk5nE9eSyuS6jesvHu4F4MxOuUzB6X57sPKWVzBLXiP
xZtGj6q2vafaaT0.BzJfjj.p8ZPukazsQvpfcpFs8mXR3plh8BoBxURIOWyK
rxspZ0YI.eTCEh5Vqp+wGtFXZMKe6CZc3yWZwTdCmYW.BBkdiby8v0r+ST.W
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cxmfxVihWz6a3yqY9NazzUYkua9UnynadOtogW.JfsVGRVNEbWF8I+eHtcwJ
+wLXqZeSdWLo+FQF6731Tva0BISKTx.cLwmgJsUTTvkg1YsnXmxDge.CDR7x
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ftCs1YWHZI3o.sIXezX5ihMSuXzZtk3ai1mXRSczoCS32hAydeyXNEu5SHyS
xqZqbd3ZLdera1iPqYxOm++v7SUSz
-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example Fade
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example Fade
Video Demonstration
4.4.3 Graph
Sketch Code
/*
Graph
A simple example of communication from the Arduino board to the computer: The
value of analog input 0 is sent out the serial port. We call this "serial"
communication because the connection appears to both the Arduino and the
computer as a serial port, even though it may actually use a USB cable. Bytes
are sent one after another (serially) from the Arduino to the computer.
You can use the Arduino Serial Monitor to view the sent data, or it can be
read by Processing, PD, Max/MSP, or any other program capable of reading data
from a serial port. The Processing code below graphs the data received so you
can see the value of the analog input changing over time.
The circuit:
- any analog input sensor attached to analog in pin 0
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Graph
*/
void setup() {
// initialize the serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// send the value of analog input 0:
Serial.println(analogRead(A0));
// wait a bit for the analog-to-digital converter to stabilize after the last
// reading:
delay(2);
}
/* Processing code for this example
// Graphing sketch
// This program takes ASCII-encoded strings from the serial port at 9600 baud
// and graphs them. It expects values in the range 0 to 1023, followed by a
// newline, or newline and carriage return
// created 20 Apr 2005
// updated 24 Nov 2015
// by Tom Igoe
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*;
Serial myPort; // The serial port
int xPos = 1; // horizontal position of the graph
float inByte = 0;
void setup () {
// set the window size:
size(400, 300);
// List all the available serial ports
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// I know that the first port in the serial list on my Mac is always my
// Arduino, so I open Serial.list()[0].
// Open whatever port is the one you're using.
myPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
// don't generate a serialEvent() unless you get a newline character:
myPort.bufferUntil('\n');
// set initial background:
background(0);
}
void draw () {
// draw the line:
stroke(127, 34, 255);
line(xPos, height, xPos, height - inByte);
// at the edge of the screen, go back to the beginning:
if (xPos >= width) {
xPos = 0;
background(0);
} else {
// increment the horizontal position:
xPos++;
}
}
void serialEvent (Serial myPort) {
// get the ASCII string:
String inString = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
if (inString != null) {
// trim off any whitespace:
inString = trim(inString);
// convert to an int and map to the screen height:
inByte = float(inString);
println(inByte);
inByte = map(inByte, 0, 1023, 0, height);
}
}
*/
/* Max/MSP v5 patch for this example
----------begin_max5_patcher----------
1591.3oc0YszbaaCD9r7uBL5RalQUAO3CvdyS5zVenWZxs5NcfHgjPCIfJIT
RTxj+6AOHkoTDooroUs0AQPR73a+1cwtK3WtZxzEpOwqlB9YveAlL4KWMYh6
Q1GLo99ISKXeJMmU451zTUQAWpmNy+NM+SZ2y+sR1l02JuU9t0hJvFlNcMPy
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crjAd+SIOU6UBAwIygy.Q1+HAA1KH6EveWOFQlitUK92ehfal9kFhUxJ3tWc
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nhmaDPidE07J+5n2sg6E6oKXxUSmc20o6E3SPRDbrkXnPGUYE.i5nCNB9TxQ
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hB8nQVw0FSJiZeunOykbT6t3r.NP8.iL+bnwNiXuVMNJH9H9YCm89CFXPBER
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eqRyJ0utRq13+RjmqYKN1e.4d61jjdsauXe3.2p6jgi9hsNIv97CoyJ01xzl
c3ZhUCtSHx3UZgjoEJYqNY+hYs5zZQVFW19L3JDYaTlMLqAAt1G2yXlnFg9a
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RnMj5vGl1Fs16drnk7Tf1XOLgv1n0d2iEsCxR.eQsNOZ4FGF7whofgfI3kES
1kCeOX5L2rifbdu0A9ae2X.V33B1Z+.Bj1FrP5iFrCYCG5EUWSG.hhunHJd.
HJ5hhnng3h9HPj4lud02.1bxGw.
-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial
Video Demonstration
4.4.4 Midi
Sketch Code
/*
MIDI note player
This sketch shows how to use the serial transmit pin (pin 1) to send MIDI note data.
If this circuit is connected to a MIDI synth, it will play the notes
F#-0 (0x1E) to F#-5 (0x5A) in sequence.
The circuit:
- digital in 1 connected to MIDI jack pin 5
- MIDI jack pin 2 connected to ground
- MIDI jack pin 4 connected to +5V through 220 ohm resistor
- Attach a MIDI cable to the jack, then to a MIDI synth, and play music.
created 13 Jun 2006
modified 13 Aug 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Midi
*/
void setup() {
// Set MIDI baud rate:
Serial.begin(31250);
}
void loop() {
// play notes from F#-0 (0x1E) to F#-5 (0x5A):
for (int note = 0x1E; note < 0x5A; note++) {
//Note on channel 1 (0x90), some note value (note), middle velocity (0x45):
noteOn(0x90, note, 0x45);
delay(100);
//Note on channel 1 (0x90), some note value (note), silent velocity (0x00):
noteOn(0x90, note, 0x00);
delay(100);
}
}
// plays a MIDI note. Doesn't check to see that cmd is greater than 127, or that
// data values are less than 127:
void noteOn(int cmd, int pitch, int velocity) {
Serial.write(cmd);
Serial.write(pitch);
Serial.write(velocity);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.4.5 MultiSerial
Sketch Code
/*
Multiple Serial test
Receives from the main serial port, sends to the others.
Receives from serial port 1, sends to the main serial (Serial 0).
This example works only with boards with more than one serial like Arduino Mega, Due, Zero etc.
The circuit:
- any serial device attached to Serial port 1
- Serial Monitor open on Serial port 0
created 30 Dec 2008
modified 20 May 2012
by Tom Igoe & Jed Roach
modified 27 Nov 2015
by Arturo Guadalupi
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/MultiSerialMega
*/
void setup() {
// initialize both serial ports:
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial1.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read from port 1, send to port 0:
if (Serial1.available()) {
int inByte = Serial1.read();
Serial.write(inByte);
}
// read from port 0, send to port 1:
if (Serial.available()) {
int inByte = Serial.read();
Serial1.write(inByte);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Note
There is ONLY 1 pair of RX and TX on Arduino UNO R4 WiFi.
KiCad Schematic
Note
There is an error from the official Arduino built-in example Use Multiple Serial Ports on the Arduino Mega. Please refer to my issue asked at RX to TX, and TX to RX?
Video Demonstration
4.4.6 PhysicalPixel
Sketch Code
/*
Physical Pixel
An example of using the Arduino board to receive data from the computer. In
this case, the Arduino boards turns on an LED when it receives the character
'H', and turns off the LED when it receives the character 'L'.
The data can be sent from the Arduino Serial Monitor, or another program like
Processing (see code below), Flash (via a serial-net proxy), PD, or Max/MSP.
The circuit:
- LED connected from digital pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/PhysicalPixel
*/
const int ledPin = 13; // the pin that the LED is attached to
int incomingByte; // a variable to read incoming serial data into
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// see if there's incoming serial data:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
// read the oldest byte in the serial buffer:
incomingByte = Serial.read();
// if it's a capital H (ASCII 72), turn on the LED:
if (incomingByte == 'H') {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
// if it's an L (ASCII 76) turn off the LED:
if (incomingByte == 'L') {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
}
/* Processing code for this example
// Mouse over serial
// Demonstrates how to send data to the Arduino I/O board, in order to turn ON
// a light if the mouse is over a square and turn it off if the mouse is not.
// created 2003-4
// based on examples by Casey Reas and Hernando Barragan
// modified 30 Aug 2011
// by Tom Igoe
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*;
float boxX;
float boxY;
int boxSize = 20;
boolean mouseOverBox = false;
Serial port;
void setup() {
size(200, 200);
boxX = width / 2.0;
boxY = height / 2.0;
rectMode(RADIUS);
// List all the available serial ports in the output pane.
// You will need to choose the port that the Arduino board is connected to
// from this list. The first port in the list is port #0 and the third port
// in the list is port #2.
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// Open the port that the Arduino board is connected to (in this case #0)
// Make sure to open the port at the same speed Arduino is using (9600bps)
port = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
}
void draw() {
background(0);
// Test if the cursor is over the box
if (mouseX > boxX - boxSize && mouseX < boxX + boxSize &&
mouseY > boxY - boxSize && mouseY < boxY + boxSize) {
mouseOverBox = true;
// draw a line around the box and change its color:
stroke(255);
fill(153);
// send an 'H' to indicate mouse is over square:
port.write('H');
}
else {
// return the box to its inactive state:
stroke(153);
fill(153);
// send an 'L' to turn the LED off:
port.write('L');
mouseOverBox = false;
}
// Draw the box
rect(boxX, boxY, boxSize, boxSize);
}
*/
/* Max/MSP version 5 patch to run with this example:
----------begin_max5_patcher----------
1672.3oc2ZszaaiCD9ryuBBebQVCQRYao8xhf1cQCPVfBzh8RRQ.sDsM2HSZ
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.P0K+3peBt3NskC
-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example Blink
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example Blink
Video Demonstration
4.4.7 ReadASCIIString
Sketch Code
/*
Reading a serial ASCII-encoded string.
This sketch demonstrates the Serial parseInt() function.
It looks for an ASCII string of comma-separated values.
It parses them into ints, and uses those to fade an RGB LED.
Circuit: Common-Cathode RGB LED wired like so:
- red anode: digital pin 3 through 220 ohm resistor
- green anode: digital pin 5 through 220 ohm resistor
- blue anode: digital pin 6 through 220 ohm resistor
- cathode: GND
created 13 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
modified 14 Mar 2016
by Arturo Guadalupi
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ReadASCIIString
*/
// pins for the LEDs:
const int redPin = 3;
const int greenPin = 5;
const int bluePin = 6;
void setup() {
// initialize serial:
Serial.begin(9600);
// make the pins outputs:
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// if there's any serial available, read it:
while (Serial.available() > 0) {
// look for the next valid integer in the incoming serial stream:
int red = Serial.parseInt();
// do it again:
int green = Serial.parseInt();
// do it again:
int blue = Serial.parseInt();
// look for the newline. That's the end of your sentence:
if (Serial.read() == '\n') {
// constrain the values to 0 - 255 and invert
// if you're using a common-cathode LED, just use "constrain(color, 0, 255);"
red = 255 - constrain(red, 0, 255);
green = 255 - constrain(green, 0, 255);
blue = 255 - constrain(blue, 0, 255);
// fade the red, green, and blue legs of the LED:
analogWrite(redPin, red);
analogWrite(greenPin, green);
analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
// print the three numbers in one string as hexadecimal:
Serial.print(red, HEX);
Serial.print(green, HEX);
Serial.println(blue, HEX);
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Note
There is an error from the official Arduino built-in example Read ASCII String.
Video Demonstration
4.4.8 SerialCallResponse
Sketch Code
/*
Serial Call and Response
Language: Wiring/Arduino
This program sends an ASCII A (byte of value 65) on startup and repeats that
until it gets some data in. Then it waits for a byte in the serial port, and
sends three sensor values whenever it gets a byte in.
The circuit:
- potentiometers attached to analog inputs 0 and 1
- pushbutton attached to digital I/O 2
created 26 Sep 2005
by Tom Igoe
modified 24 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
Thanks to Greg Shakar and Scott Fitzgerald for the improvements
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SerialCallResponse
*/
int firstSensor = 0; // first analog sensor
int secondSensor = 0; // second analog sensor
int thirdSensor = 0; // digital sensor
int inByte = 0; // incoming serial byte
void setup() {
// start serial port at 9600 bps:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
pinMode(2, INPUT); // digital sensor is on digital pin 2
establishContact(); // send a byte to establish contact until receiver responds
}
void loop() {
// if we get a valid byte, read analog ins:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
// get incoming byte:
inByte = Serial.read();
// read first analog input, divide by 4 to make the range 0-255:
firstSensor = analogRead(A0) / 4;
// delay 10ms to let the ADC recover:
delay(10);
// read second analog input, divide by 4 to make the range 0-255:
secondSensor = analogRead(1) / 4;
// read switch, map it to 0 or 255L
thirdSensor = map(digitalRead(2), 0, 1, 0, 255);
// send sensor values:
Serial.write(firstSensor);
Serial.write(secondSensor);
Serial.write(thirdSensor);
}
}
void establishContact() {
while (Serial.available() <= 0) {
Serial.print('A'); // send a capital A
delay(300);
}
}
/* Processing sketch to run with this example:
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*;
int bgcolor; // Background color
int fgcolor; // Fill color
Serial myPort; // The serial port
int[] serialInArray = new int[3]; // Where we'll put what we receive
int serialCount = 0; // A count of how many bytes we receive
int xpos, ypos; // Starting position of the ball
boolean firstContact = false; // Whether we've heard from the microcontroller
void setup() {
size(256, 256); // Stage size
noStroke(); // No border on the next thing drawn
// Set the starting position of the ball (middle of the stage)
xpos = width / 2;
ypos = height / 2;
// Print a list of the serial ports for debugging purposes
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// I know that the first port in the serial list on my Mac is always my FTDI
// adaptor, so I open Serial.list()[0].
// On Windows machines, this generally opens COM1.
// Open whatever port is the one you're using.
String portName = Serial.list()[0];
myPort = new Serial(this, portName, 9600);
}
void draw() {
background(bgcolor);
fill(fgcolor);
// Draw the shape
ellipse(xpos, ypos, 20, 20);
}
void serialEvent(Serial myPort) {
// read a byte from the serial port:
int inByte = myPort.read();
// if this is the first byte received, and it's an A, clear the serial
// buffer and note that you've had first contact from the microcontroller.
// Otherwise, add the incoming byte to the array:
if (firstContact == false) {
if (inByte == 'A') {
myPort.clear(); // clear the serial port buffer
firstContact = true; // you've had first contact from the microcontroller
myPort.write('A'); // ask for more
}
}
else {
// Add the latest byte from the serial port to array:
serialInArray[serialCount] = inByte;
serialCount++;
// If we have 3 bytes:
if (serialCount > 2 ) {
xpos = serialInArray[0];
ypos = serialInArray[1];
fgcolor = serialInArray[2];
// print the values (for debugging purposes only):
println(xpos + "\t" + ypos + "\t" + fgcolor);
// Send a capital A to request new sensor readings:
myPort.write('A');
// Reset serialCount:
serialCount = 0;
}
}
}
*/
/* Max/MSP version 5 patch to run with this example:
----------begin_max5_patcher----------
3908.3oc6ckziiaiE9b0+J3XjCIXpp.WzZNMURv.jCInQ5fYNjNngrDssRKK
4nkp6JA4+973hrkrsjncKu0SRiXasQ83G+dKj7QV+4qtaxzrOxKlf9Zzuft6
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l0qYAUmPrctbxO4XCuPMa1asYzKDks1D52ZCne6Mednz9qW8+.vfqkDA
-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.4.9 SerialCallResponseASCII
Sketch Code
/*
Serial Call and Response in ASCII
Language: Wiring/Arduino
This program sends an ASCII A (byte of value 65) on startup and repeats that
until it gets some data in. Then it waits for a byte in the serial port, and
sends three ASCII-encoded, comma-separated sensor values, truncated by a
linefeed and carriage return, whenever it gets a byte in.
The circuit:
- potentiometers attached to analog inputs 0 and 1
- pushbutton attached to digital I/O 2
created 26 Sep 2005
by Tom Igoe
modified 24 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
Thanks to Greg Shakar and Scott Fitzgerald for the improvements
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SerialCallResponseASCII
*/
int firstSensor = 0; // first analog sensor
int secondSensor = 0; // second analog sensor
int thirdSensor = 0; // digital sensor
int inByte = 0; // incoming serial byte
void setup() {
// start serial port at 9600 bps and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
pinMode(2, INPUT); // digital sensor is on digital pin 2
establishContact(); // send a byte to establish contact until receiver responds
}
void loop() {
// if we get a valid byte, read analog ins:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
// get incoming byte:
inByte = Serial.read();
// read first analog input:
firstSensor = analogRead(A0);
// read second analog input:
secondSensor = analogRead(A1);
// read switch, map it to 0 or 255
thirdSensor = map(digitalRead(2), 0, 1, 0, 255);
// send sensor values:
Serial.print(firstSensor);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(secondSensor);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(thirdSensor);
}
}
void establishContact() {
while (Serial.available() <= 0) {
Serial.println("0,0,0"); // send an initial string
delay(300);
}
}
/* Processing code to run with this example:
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*; // import the Processing serial library
Serial myPort; // The serial port
float bgcolor; // Background color
float fgcolor; // Fill color
float xpos, ypos; // Starting position of the ball
void setup() {
size(640, 480);
// List all the available serial ports
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// I know that the first port in the serial list on my Mac is always my
// Arduino board, so I open Serial.list()[0].
// Change the 0 to the appropriate number of the serial port that your
// microcontroller is attached to.
myPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
// read bytes into a buffer until you get a linefeed (ASCII 10):
myPort.bufferUntil('\n');
// draw with smooth edges:
smooth();
}
void draw() {
background(bgcolor);
fill(fgcolor);
// Draw the shape
ellipse(xpos, ypos, 20, 20);
}
// serialEvent method is run automatically by the Processing applet whenever
// the buffer reaches the byte value set in the bufferUntil()
// method in the setup():
void serialEvent(Serial myPort) {
// read the serial buffer:
String myString = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
// if you got any bytes other than the linefeed:
myString = trim(myString);
// split the string at the commas and convert the sections into integers:
int sensors[] = int(split(myString, ','));
// print out the values you got:
for (int sensorNum = 0; sensorNum < sensors.length; sensorNum++) {
print("Sensor " + sensorNum + ": " + sensors[sensorNum] + "\t");
}
// add a linefeed after all the sensor values are printed:
println();
if (sensors.length > 1) {
xpos = map(sensors[0], 0, 1023, 0, width);
ypos = map(sensors[1], 0, 1023, 0, height);
fgcolor = sensors[2];
}
// send a byte to ask for more data:
myPort.write("A");
}
*/
/* Max/MSP version 5 patch to run with this example:
----------begin_max5_patcher----------
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-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example SerialCallResponse
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example SerialCallResponse
Video Demonstration
4.4.10 SerialEvent
Sketch Code
/*
Serial Event example
When new serial data arrives, this sketch adds it to a String.
When a newline is received, the loop prints the string and clears it.
A good test for this is to try it with a GPS receiver that sends out
NMEA 0183 sentences.
NOTE: The serialEvent() feature is not available on the Leonardo, Micro, or
other ATmega32U4 based boards.
created 9 May 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SerialEvent
*/
String inputString = ""; // a String to hold incoming data
bool stringComplete = false; // whether the string is complete
void setup() {
// initialize serial:
Serial.begin(9600);
// reserve 200 bytes for the inputString:
inputString.reserve(200);
}
void loop() {
// print the string when a newline arrives:
if (stringComplete) {
Serial.println(inputString);
// clear the string:
inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
}
/*
SerialEvent occurs whenever a new data comes in the hardware serial RX. This
routine is run between each time loop() runs, so using delay inside loop can
delay response. Multiple bytes of data may be available.
*/
void serialEvent() {
while (Serial.available()) {
// get the new byte:
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
// add it to the inputString:
inputString += inChar;
// if the incoming character is a newline, set a flag so the main loop can
// do something about it:
if (inChar == '\n') {
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.4.11 SerialPassthrough
Sketch Code
/*
SerialPassthrough sketch
Some boards, like the Arduino 101, the MKR1000, Zero, or the Micro, have one
hardware serial port attached to Digital pins 0-1, and a separate USB serial
port attached to the IDE Serial Monitor. This means that the "serial
passthrough" which is possible with the Arduino UNO (commonly used to interact
with devices/shields that require configuration via serial AT commands) will
not work by default.
This sketch allows you to emulate the serial passthrough behaviour. Any text
you type in the IDE Serial monitor will be written out to the serial port on
Digital pins 0 and 1, and vice-versa.
On the 101, MKR1000, Zero, and Micro, "Serial" refers to the USB Serial port
attached to the Serial Monitor, and "Serial1" refers to the hardware serial
port attached to pins 0 and 1. This sketch will emulate Serial passthrough
using those two Serial ports on the boards mentioned above, but you can change
these names to connect any two serial ports on a board that has multiple ports.
created 23 May 2016
by Erik Nyquist
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SerialPassthrough
*/
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial1.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if (Serial.available()) { // If anything comes in Serial (USB),
Serial1.write(Serial.read()); // read it and send it out Serial1 (pins 0 & 1)
}
if (Serial1.available()) { // If anything comes in Serial1 (pins 0 & 1)
Serial.write(Serial1.read()); // read it and send it out Serial (USB)
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.4.12 VirtualColorMixer
Sketch Code
/*
This example reads three analog sensors (potentiometers are easiest) and sends
their values serially. The Processing and Max/MSP programs at the bottom take
those three values and use them to change the background color of the screen.
The circuit:
- potentiometers attached to analog inputs 0, 1, and 2
created 2 Dec 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe and Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/VirtualColorMixer
*/
const int redPin = A0; // sensor to control red color
const int greenPin = A1; // sensor to control green color
const int bluePin = A2; // sensor to control blue color
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.print(analogRead(redPin));
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(analogRead(greenPin));
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(analogRead(bluePin));
}
/* Processing code for this example
// This example code is in the public domain.
import processing.serial.*;
float redValue = 0; // red value
float greenValue = 0; // green value
float blueValue = 0; // blue value
Serial myPort;
void setup() {
size(200, 200);
// List all the available serial ports
// if using Processing 2.1 or later, use Serial.printArray()
println(Serial.list());
// I know that the first port in the serial list on my Mac is always my
// Arduino, so I open Serial.list()[0].
// Open whatever port is the one you're using.
myPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
// don't generate a serialEvent() unless you get a newline character:
myPort.bufferUntil('\n');
}
void draw() {
// set the background color with the color values:
background(redValue, greenValue, blueValue);
}
void serialEvent(Serial myPort) {
// get the ASCII string:
String inString = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
if (inString != null) {
// trim off any whitespace:
inString = trim(inString);
// split the string on the commas and convert the resulting substrings
// into an integer array:
float[] colors = float(split(inString, ","));
// if the array has at least three elements, you know you got the whole
// thing. Put the numbers in the color variables:
if (colors.length >= 3) {
// map them to the range 0-255:
redValue = map(colors[0], 0, 1023, 0, 255);
greenValue = map(colors[1], 0, 1023, 0, 255);
blueValue = map(colors[2], 0, 1023, 0, 255);
}
}
}
*/
/* Max/MSP patch for this example
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HXZpVFfu2FxXkZtfp4RQqNkX5y2sya3YYL2iavWAOaizH+pw.Ibg8f1I9h3Z
2B79sNeOHvBOtfEalWsvyu0KMf015.AaROvZ7vv5AhnndfHLbTgjcCK1KlHv
gOk5B26OqrXjcJ005.QqCHn8fVTxnxfj93SfQiJlv8YV0VT9fVUwOOhSV3uD
eeqCUClbBPa.j3vWDoMZssNTzRNEnE6gYPXazZaMF921syaLWyAeBXvCESA8
ASi6Zyw8.RQi65J8ZsNx3ho93OhGWENtWpowepae4YhCFeLErOLENtXJrOSc
iadi39rf4hwc8xdhHz3gn3dBI7iDRlFe8huAfIZhq
-----------end_max5_patcher-----------
*/
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Section 4.5: 05.Control Examples
4.5.1 Arrays
Sketch Code
/*
Arrays
Demonstrates the use of an array to hold pin numbers in order to iterate over
the pins in a sequence. Lights multiple LEDs in sequence, then in reverse.
Unlike the For Loop tutorial, where the pins have to be contiguous, here the
pins can be in any random order.
The circuit:
- LEDs from pins 2 through 7 to ground
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Arrays
*/
int timer = 100; // The higher the number, the slower the timing.
int ledPins[] = {
2, 7, 4, 6, 5, 3
}; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached
int pinCount = 6; // the number of pins (i.e. the length of the array)
void setup() {
// the array elements are numbered from 0 to (pinCount - 1).
// use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output:
for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) {
pinMode(ledPins[thisPin], OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
// loop from the lowest pin to the highest:
for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < pinCount; thisPin++) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW);
}
// loop from the highest pin to the lowest:
for (int thisPin = pinCount - 1; thisPin >= 0; thisPin--) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 6 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
KiCad Schematic
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 6 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
Video Demonstration
4.5.2 ForLoopIteration
Sketch Code
/*
For Loop Iteration
Demonstrates the use of a for() loop.
Lights multiple LEDs in sequence, then in reverse.
The circuit:
- LEDs from pins 2 through 7 to ground
created 2006
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ForLoopIteration
*/
int timer = 100; // The higher the number, the slower the timing.
void setup() {
// use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output:
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
pinMode(thisPin, OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
// loop from the lowest pin to the highest:
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 8; thisPin++) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW);
}
// loop from the highest pin to the lowest:
for (int thisPin = 7; thisPin >= 2; thisPin--) {
// turn the pin on:
digitalWrite(thisPin, HIGH);
delay(timer);
// turn the pin off:
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 6 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
KiCad Schematic
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 6 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
Video Demonstration
4.5.3 IfStatementConditional
Sketch Code
/*
Conditionals - If statement
This example demonstrates the use of if() statements.
It reads the state of a potentiometer (an analog input) and turns on an LED
only if the potentiometer goes above a certain threshold level. It prints the
analog value regardless of the level.
The circuit:
- potentiometer
Center pin of the potentiometer goes to analog pin 0.
Side pins of the potentiometer go to +5V and ground.
- LED connected from digital pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
- Note: On most Arduino boards, there is already an LED on the board connected
to pin 13, so you don't need any extra components for this example.
created 17 Jan 2009
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/control-structures/ifStatementConditional
// Wrong
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ifStatementConditional
*/
// These constants won't change:
const int analogPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to
const int ledPin = 13; // pin that the LED is attached to
const int threshold = 400; // an arbitrary threshold level that's in the range of the analog input
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize serial communications:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the value of the potentiometer:
int analogValue = analogRead(analogPin);
// if the analog value is high enough, turn on the LED:
if (analogValue > threshold) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
// print the analog value:
Serial.println(analogValue);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial.
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogReadSerial.
Video Demonstration
4.5.4 switchCase
Sketch Code
/*
Switch statement
Demonstrates the use of a switch statement. The switch statement allows you
to choose from among a set of discrete values of a variable. It's like a
series of if statements.
To see this sketch in action, put the board and sensor in a well-lit room,
open the Serial Monitor, and move your hand gradually down over the sensor.
The circuit:
- photoresistor from analog in 0 to +5V
- 10K resistor from analog in 0 to ground
created 1 Jul 2009
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/control-structures/SwitchCase
// Wrong
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SwitchCase
*/
// these constants won't change. They are the lowest and highest readings you
// get from your sensor:
const int sensorMin = 0; // sensor minimum, discovered through experiment
const int sensorMax = 600; // sensor maximum, discovered through experiment
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor:
int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
// map the sensor range to a range of four options:
int range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 3);
// do something different depending on the range value:
switch (range) {
case 0: // your hand is on the sensor
Serial.println("dark");
break;
case 1: // your hand is close to the sensor
Serial.println("dim");
break;
case 2: // your hand is a few inches from the sensor
Serial.println("medium");
break;
case 3: // your hand is nowhere near the sensor
Serial.println("bright");
break;
}
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example AnalogInput.
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example AnalogInput.
Video Demonstration
4.5.5 switchCase2
Sketch Code
/*
Switch statement with serial input
Demonstrates the use of a switch statement. The switch statement allows you
to choose from among a set of discrete values of a variable. It's like a
series of if statements.
To see this sketch in action, open the Serial monitor and send any character.
The characters a, b, c, d, and e, will turn on LEDs. Any other character will
turn the LEDs off.
The circuit:
- five LEDs attached to digital pins 2 through 6 through 220 ohm resistors
created 1 Jul 2009
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/control-structures/SwitchCase2
// Wrong
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SwitchCase2
*/
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication:
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the LED pins:
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 7; thisPin++) {
pinMode(thisPin, OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
int inByte = Serial.read();
// do something different depending on the character received.
// The switch statement expects single number values for each case; in this
// example, though, you're using single quotes to tell the controller to get
// the ASCII value for the character. For example 'a' = 97, 'b' = 98,
// and so forth:
switch (inByte) {
case 'a':
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
break;
case 'b':
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
break;
case 'c':
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
break;
case 'd':
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
break;
case 'e':
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
break;
default:
// turn all the LEDs off:
for (int thisPin = 2; thisPin < 7; thisPin++) {
digitalWrite(thisPin, LOW);
}
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 5 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
KiCad Schematic
Similar to Example AnalogWriteMega, but use 5 LEDs rather than 12 LEDs.
Video Demonstration
4.5.6 WhileStatementConditional
Sketch Code
/*
Conditionals - while statement
This example demonstrates the use of while() statements.
While the pushbutton is pressed, the sketch runs the calibration routine.
The sensor readings during the while loop define the minimum and maximum of
expected values from the photoresistor.
This is a variation on the calibrate example.
The circuit:
- photoresistor connected from +5V to analog in pin 0
- 10 kilohm resistor connected from ground to analog in pin 0
- LED connected from digital pin 9 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
- pushbutton attached from pin 2 to +5V
- 10 kilohm resistor attached from pin 2 to ground
created 17 Jan 2009
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
modified 20 Jan 2017
by Arturo Guadalupi
This example code is in the public domain.
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/control-structures/WhileStatementConditional
// Wrong
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/WhileStatementConditional
*/
// These constants won't change:
const int sensorPin = A0; // pin that the sensor is attached to
const int ledPin = 9; // pin that the LED is attached to
const int indicatorLedPin = 13; // pin that the built-in LED is attached to
const int buttonPin = 2; // pin that the button is attached to
// These variables will change:
int sensorMin = 1023; // minimum sensor value
int sensorMax = 0; // maximum sensor value
int sensorValue = 0; // the sensor value
void setup() {
// set the LED pins as outputs and the switch pin as input:
pinMode(indicatorLedPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// while the button is pressed, take calibration readings:
while (digitalRead(buttonPin) == HIGH) {
calibrate();
}
// signal the end of the calibration period
digitalWrite(indicatorLedPin, LOW);
// read the sensor:
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
// apply the calibration to the sensor reading
sensorValue = map(sensorValue, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 255);
// in case the sensor value is outside the range seen during calibration
sensorValue = constrain(sensorValue, 0, 255);
// fade the LED using the calibrated value:
analogWrite(ledPin, sensorValue);
}
void calibrate() {
// turn on the indicator LED to indicate that calibration is happening:
digitalWrite(indicatorLedPin, HIGH);
// read the sensor:
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
// record the maximum sensor value
if (sensorValue > sensorMax) {
sensorMax = sensorValue;
}
// record the minimum sensor value
if (sensorValue < sensorMin) {
sensorMin = sensorValue;
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Section 4.6: 06.Sensors Examples
4.6.1 ADXL3xx
Sketch Code
/*
ADXL3xx
Reads an Analog Devices ADXL3xx accelerometer and communicates the
acceleration to the computer. The pins used are designed to be easily
compatible with the breakout boards from SparkFun, available from:
https://www.sparkfun.com/categories/80
The circuit:
- analog 0: accelerometer self test
- analog 1: z-axis
- analog 2: y-axis
- analog 3: x-axis
- analog 4: ground
- analog 5: vcc
created 2 Jul 2008
by David A. Mellis
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ADXL3xx
*/
// these constants describe the pins. They won't change:
const int groundpin = 18; // analog input pin 4 -- ground
const int powerpin = 19; // analog input pin 5 -- voltage
const int xpin = A3; // x-axis of the accelerometer
const int ypin = A2; // y-axis
const int zpin = A1; // z-axis (only on 3-axis models)
void setup() {
// initialize the serial communications:
Serial.begin(9600);
// Provide ground and power by using the analog inputs as normal digital pins.
// This makes it possible to directly connect the breakout board to the
// Arduino. If you use the normal 5V and GND pins on the Arduino,
// you can remove these lines.
pinMode(groundpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(powerpin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(groundpin, LOW);
digitalWrite(powerpin, HIGH);
}
void loop() {
// print the sensor values:
Serial.print(analogRead(xpin));
// print a tab between values:
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(analogRead(ypin));
// print a tab between values:
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(analogRead(zpin));
Serial.println();
// delay before next reading:
delay(100);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.6.2 Knock
Sketch Code
/*
Knock Sensor
This sketch reads a piezo element to detect a knocking sound.
It reads an analog pin and compares the result to a set threshold.
If the result is greater than the threshold, it writes "knock" to the serial
port, and toggles the LED on pin 13.
The circuit:
- positive connection of the piezo attached to analog in 0
- negative connection of the piezo attached to ground
- 1 megohm resistor attached from analog in 0 to ground
created 25 Mar 2007
by David Cuartielles <http://www.0j0.org>
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/Knock
*/
// these constants won't change:
const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
const int knockSensor = A0; // the piezo is connected to analog pin 0
const int threshold = 100; // threshold value to decide when the detected sound is a knock or not
// these variables will change:
int sensorReading = 0; // variable to store the value read from the sensor pin
int ledState = LOW; // variable used to store the last LED status, to toggle the light
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as as OUTPUT
Serial.begin(9600); // use the serial port
}
void loop() {
// read the sensor and store it in the variable sensorReading:
sensorReading = analogRead(knockSensor);
// if the sensor reading is greater than the threshold:
if (sensorReading >= threshold) {
// toggle the status of the ledPin:
ledState = !ledState;
// update the LED pin itself:
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
// send the string "Knock!" back to the computer, followed by newline
Serial.println("Knock!");
}
delay(100); // delay to avoid overloading the serial port buffer
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.6.3 Memsic2125
Note
Ignored. Memsic 2125 is outdated and deprecated.
Sketch Code
Note
Ignored. Memsic 2125 is outdated and deprecated.
Fritzing Circuit
Note
Ignored. Memsic 2125 is outdated and deprecated.
KiCad Schematic
Note
Ignored. Memsic 2125 is outdated and deprecated.
Video Demonstration
Note
Ignored. Memsic 2125 is outdated and deprecated.
4.6.4 Ping
Note
SEN136B5B is outdated and deprecated. We're NOT using the demo from official Arduino examples, but use HC-SR04 as a replacement of SEN136B5B. For this particular example, please refer to Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 and Arduino – Complete Guide.
Sketch Code
/*
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 and Arduino Tutorial
by Dejan Nedelkovski,
www.HowToMechatronics.com
*/
// defines pins numbers
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
// defines variables
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
}
void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Section 4.7: 07.Display Examples
4.7.1 barGraph
Sketch Code
/*
LED bar graph
Turns on a series of LEDs based on the value of an analog sensor.
This is a simple way to make a bar graph display. Though this graph uses 10
LEDs, you can use any number by changing the LED count and the pins in the
array.
This method can be used to control any series of digital outputs that depends
on an analog input.
The circuit:
- LEDs from pins 2 through 11 to ground
created 4 Sep 2010
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/BarGraph
*/
// these constants won't change:
const int analogPin = A0; // the pin that the potentiometer is attached to
const int ledCount = 10; // the number of LEDs in the bar graph
int ledPins[] = {
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
}; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached
void setup() {
// loop over the pin array and set them all to output:
for (int thisLed = 0; thisLed < ledCount; thisLed++) {
pinMode(ledPins[thisLed], OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
// read the potentiometer:
int sensorReading = analogRead(analogPin);
// map the result to a range from 0 to the number of LEDs:
int ledLevel = map(sensorReading, 0, 1023, 0, ledCount);
// loop over the LED array:
for (int thisLed = 0; thisLed < ledCount; thisLed++) {
// if the array element's index is less than ledLevel,
// turn the pin for this element on:
if (thisLed < ledLevel) {
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], HIGH);
}
// turn off all pins higher than the ledLevel:
else {
digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], LOW);
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.7.2 RowColumnScanning
Note
Please refer to Chapter 5 - Examples for Arduino UNO R4 Wifi, Section 5.8: LED_Matrix.
Sketch Code
Note
Please refer to Chapter 5 - Examples for Arduino UNO R4 Wifi, Section 5.8: LED_Matrix.
Fritzing Circuit
Note
Please refer to Chapter 5 - Examples for Arduino UNO R4 Wifi, Section 5.8: LED_Matrix.
KiCad Schematic
Note
Please refer to Chapter 5 - Examples for Arduino UNO R4 Wifi, Section 5.8: LED_Matrix.
Video Demonstration
Note
Please refer to Chapter 5 - Examples for Arduino UNO R4 Wifi, Section 5.8: LED_Matrix.
Section 4.8: 08.Strings Examples
4.8.1 CharacterAnalysis
Sketch Code
/*
Character analysis operators
Examples using the character analysis operators.
Send any byte and the sketch will tell you about it.
created 29 Nov 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/CharacterAnalysis
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("send any byte and I'll tell you everything I can about it");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// get any incoming bytes:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
int thisChar = Serial.read();
// say what was sent:
Serial.print("You sent me: \'");
Serial.write(thisChar);
Serial.print("\' ASCII Value: ");
Serial.println(thisChar);
// analyze what was sent:
if (isAlphaNumeric(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's alphanumeric");
}
if (isAlpha(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's alphabetic");
}
if (isAscii(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's ASCII");
}
if (isWhitespace(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's whitespace");
}
if (isControl(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's a control character");
}
if (isDigit(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's a numeric digit");
}
if (isGraph(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's a printable character that's not whitespace");
}
if (isLowerCase(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's lower case");
}
if (isPrintable(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's printable");
}
if (isPunct(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's punctuation");
}
if (isSpace(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's a space character");
}
if (isUpperCase(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's upper case");
}
if (isHexadecimalDigit(thisChar)) {
Serial.println("it's a valid hexadecimaldigit (i.e. 0 - 9, a - F, or A - F)");
}
// add some space and ask for another byte:
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Give me another byte:");
Serial.println();
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.2 StringAdditionOperator
Sketch Code
/*
Adding Strings together
Examples of how to add Strings together
You can also add several different data types to String, as shown here:
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringAdditionOperator
*/
// declare three Strings:
String stringOne, stringTwo, stringThree;
void setup() {
// initialize serial and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
stringOne = String("You added ");
stringTwo = String("this string");
stringThree = String();
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nAdding Strings together (concatenation):");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// adding a constant integer to a String:
stringThree = stringOne + 123;
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "You added 123"
// adding a constant long integer to a String:
stringThree = stringOne + 123456789;
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "You added 123456789"
// adding a constant character to a String:
stringThree = stringOne + 'A';
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "You added A"
// adding a constant string to a String:
stringThree = stringOne + "abc";
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "You added abc"
stringThree = stringOne + stringTwo;
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "You added this string"
// adding a variable integer to a String:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
stringOne = "Sensor value: ";
stringThree = stringOne + sensorValue;
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "Sensor Value: 401" or whatever value analogRead(A0) has
// adding a variable long integer to a String:
stringOne = "millis() value: ";
stringThree = stringOne + millis();
Serial.println(stringThree); // prints "The millis: 345345" or whatever value millis() has
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.3 StringAppendOperator
Sketch Code
/*
Appending to Strings using the += operator and concat()
Examples of how to append different data types to Strings
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringAppendOperator
*/
String stringOne, stringTwo;
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
stringOne = String("Sensor ");
stringTwo = String("value");
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nAppending to a String:");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor "
// adding a string to a String:
stringOne += stringTwo;
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value"
// adding a constant string to a String:
stringOne += " for input ";
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value for input"
// adding a constant character to a String:
stringOne += 'A';
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value for input A"
// adding a constant integer to a String:
stringOne += 0;
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value for input A0"
// adding a constant string to a String:
stringOne += ": ";
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value for input"
// adding a variable integer to a String:
stringOne += analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Sensor value for input A0: 456" or whatever analogRead(A0) is
Serial.println("\n\nchanging the Strings' values");
stringOne = "A long integer: ";
stringTwo = "The millis(): ";
// adding a constant long integer to a String:
stringOne += 123456789;
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "A long integer: 123456789"
// using concat() to add a long variable to a String:
stringTwo.concat(millis());
Serial.println(stringTwo); // prints "The millis(): 43534" or whatever the value of the millis() is
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.4 StringCaseChanges
Sketch Code
/*
String Case changes
Examples of how to change the case of a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringCaseChanges
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString case changes:");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// toUpperCase() changes all letters to upper case:
String stringOne = "<html><head><body>";
Serial.println(stringOne);
stringOne.toUpperCase();
Serial.println(stringOne);
// toLowerCase() changes all letters to lower case:
String stringTwo = "</BODY></HTML>";
Serial.println(stringTwo);
stringTwo.toLowerCase();
Serial.println(stringTwo);
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.5 StringCharacters
Sketch Code
/*
String charAt() and setCharAt()
Examples of how to get and set characters of a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringCharacters
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
Serial.println("\n\nString charAt() and setCharAt():");
}
void loop() {
// make a String to report a sensor reading:
String reportString = "SensorReading: 456";
Serial.println(reportString);
// the reading's most significant digit is at position 15 in the reportString:
char mostSignificantDigit = reportString.charAt(15);
String message = "Most significant digit of the sensor reading is: ";
Serial.println(message + mostSignificantDigit);
// add blank space:
Serial.println();
// you can also set the character of a String. Change the : to a = character
reportString.setCharAt(13, '=');
Serial.println(reportString);
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.6 StringComparisonOperators
Sketch Code
/*
Comparing Strings
Examples of how to compare Strings using the comparison operators
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringComparisonOperators
*/
String stringOne, stringTwo;
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
stringOne = String("this");
stringTwo = String("that");
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nComparing Strings:");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// two Strings equal:
if (stringOne == "this") {
Serial.println("StringOne == \"this\"");
}
// two Strings not equal:
if (stringOne != stringTwo) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " =! " + stringTwo);
}
// two Strings not equal (case sensitivity matters):
stringOne = "This";
stringTwo = "this";
if (stringOne != stringTwo) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " =! " + stringTwo);
}
// you can also use equals() to see if two Strings are the same:
if (stringOne.equals(stringTwo)) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " equals " + stringTwo);
} else {
Serial.println(stringOne + " does not equal " + stringTwo);
}
// or perhaps you want to ignore case:
if (stringOne.equalsIgnoreCase(stringTwo)) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " equals (ignoring case) " + stringTwo);
} else {
Serial.println(stringOne + " does not equal (ignoring case) " + stringTwo);
}
// a numeric String compared to the number it represents:
stringOne = "1";
int numberOne = 1;
if (stringOne.toInt() == numberOne) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " = " + numberOne);
}
// two numeric Strings compared:
stringOne = "2";
stringTwo = "1";
if (stringOne >= stringTwo) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " >= " + stringTwo);
}
// comparison operators can be used to compare Strings for alphabetic sorting too:
stringOne = String("Brown");
if (stringOne < "Charles") {
Serial.println(stringOne + " < Charles");
}
if (stringOne > "Adams") {
Serial.println(stringOne + " > Adams");
}
if (stringOne <= "Browne") {
Serial.println(stringOne + " <= Browne");
}
if (stringOne >= "Brow") {
Serial.println(stringOne + " >= Brow");
}
// the compareTo() operator also allows you to compare Strings
// it evaluates on the first character that's different.
// if the first character of the String you're comparing to comes first in
// alphanumeric order, then compareTo() is greater than 0:
stringOne = "Cucumber";
stringTwo = "Cucuracha";
if (stringOne.compareTo(stringTwo) < 0) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " comes before " + stringTwo);
} else {
Serial.println(stringOne + " comes after " + stringTwo);
}
delay(10000); // because the next part is a loop:
// compareTo() is handy when you've got Strings with numbers in them too:
while (true) {
stringOne = "Sensor: ";
stringTwo = "Sensor: ";
stringOne += analogRead(A0);
stringTwo += analogRead(A5);
if (stringOne.compareTo(stringTwo) < 0) {
Serial.println(stringOne + " comes before " + stringTwo);
} else {
Serial.println(stringOne + " comes after " + stringTwo);
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.7 StringConstructors
Sketch Code
/*
String constructors
Examples of how to create Strings from other data types
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 30 Aug 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringConstructors
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString Constructors:");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// using a constant String:
String stringOne = "Hello String";
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "Hello String"
// converting a constant char into a String:
stringOne = String('a');
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "a"
// converting a constant string into a String object:
String stringTwo = String("This is a string");
Serial.println(stringTwo); // prints "This is a string"
// concatenating two strings:
stringOne = String(stringTwo + " with more");
// prints "This is a string with more":
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using a constant integer:
stringOne = String(13);
Serial.println(stringOne); // prints "13"
// using an int and a base:
stringOne = String(analogRead(A0), DEC);
// prints "453" or whatever the value of analogRead(A0) is
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using an int and a base (hexadecimal):
stringOne = String(45, HEX);
// prints "2d", which is the hexadecimal version of decimal 45:
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using an int and a base (binary)
stringOne = String(255, BIN);
// prints "11111111" which is the binary value of 255
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using a long and a base:
stringOne = String(millis(), DEC);
// prints "123456" or whatever the value of millis() is:
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using a float and the right decimal places:
stringOne = String(5.698, 3);
Serial.println(stringOne);
// using a float and less decimal places to use rounding:
stringOne = String(5.698, 2);
Serial.println(stringOne);
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.8 StringIndexOf
Sketch Code
/*
String indexOf() and lastIndexOf() functions
Examples of how to evaluate, look for, and replace characters in a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringIndexOf
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString indexOf() and lastIndexOf() functions:");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// indexOf() returns the position (i.e. index) of a particular character in a
// String. For example, if you were parsing HTML tags, you could use it:
String stringOne = "<HTML><HEAD><BODY>";
int firstClosingBracket = stringOne.indexOf('>');
Serial.println("The index of > in the string " + stringOne + " is " + firstClosingBracket);
stringOne = "<HTML><HEAD><BODY>";
int secondOpeningBracket = firstClosingBracket + 1;
int secondClosingBracket = stringOne.indexOf('>', secondOpeningBracket);
Serial.println("The index of the second > in the string " + stringOne + " is " + secondClosingBracket);
// you can also use indexOf() to search for Strings:
stringOne = "<HTML><HEAD><BODY>";
int bodyTag = stringOne.indexOf("<BODY>");
Serial.println("The index of the body tag in the string " + stringOne + " is " + bodyTag);
stringOne = "<UL><LI>item<LI>item<LI>item</UL>";
int firstListItem = stringOne.indexOf("<LI>");
int secondListItem = stringOne.indexOf("<LI>", firstListItem + 1);
Serial.println("The index of the second list tag in the string " + stringOne + " is " + secondListItem);
// lastIndexOf() gives you the last occurrence of a character or string:
int lastOpeningBracket = stringOne.lastIndexOf('<');
Serial.println("The index of the last < in the string " + stringOne + " is " + lastOpeningBracket);
int lastListItem = stringOne.lastIndexOf("<LI>");
Serial.println("The index of the last list tag in the string " + stringOne + " is " + lastListItem);
// lastIndexOf() can also search for a string:
stringOne = "<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</p><p>Ipsem</p><p>Quod</p>";
int lastParagraph = stringOne.lastIndexOf("<p");
int secondLastGraf = stringOne.lastIndexOf("<p", lastParagraph - 1);
Serial.println("The index of the second to last paragraph tag " + stringOne + " is " + secondLastGraf);
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.9 StringLength
Sketch Code
/*
String length()
Examples of how to use length() in a String.
Open the Serial Monitor and start sending characters to see the results.
created 1 Aug 2010
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringLengthTrim
*/
String txtMsg = ""; // a string for incoming text
unsigned int lastStringLength = txtMsg.length(); // previous length of the String
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString length():");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// add any incoming characters to the String:
while (Serial.available() > 0) {
char inChar = Serial.read();
txtMsg += inChar;
}
// print the message and a notice if it's changed:
if (txtMsg.length() != lastStringLength) {
Serial.println(txtMsg);
Serial.println(txtMsg.length());
// if the String's longer than 140 characters, complain:
if (txtMsg.length() < 140) {
Serial.println("That's a perfectly acceptable text message");
} else {
Serial.println("That's too long for a text message.");
}
// note the length for next time through the loop:
lastStringLength = txtMsg.length();
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.10 StringLengthTrim
Sketch Code
/*
String length() and trim()
Examples of how to use length() and trim() in a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringLengthTrim
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString length() and trim():");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// here's a String with empty spaces at the end (called white space):
String stringOne = "Hello! ";
Serial.print(stringOne);
Serial.print("<--- end of string. Length: ");
Serial.println(stringOne.length());
// trim the white space off the string:
stringOne.trim();
Serial.print(stringOne);
Serial.print("<--- end of trimmed string. Length: ");
Serial.println(stringOne.length());
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.11 StringReplace
Sketch Code
/*
String replace()
Examples of how to replace characters or substrings of a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringReplace
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString replace:\n");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
String stringOne = "<html><head><body>";
Serial.println(stringOne);
// replace() changes all instances of one substring with another:
// first, make a copy of the original string:
String stringTwo = stringOne;
// then perform the replacements:
stringTwo.replace("<", "</");
// print the original:
Serial.println("Original string: " + stringOne);
// and print the modified string:
Serial.println("Modified string: " + stringTwo);
// you can also use replace() on single characters:
String normalString = "bookkeeper";
Serial.println("normal: " + normalString);
String leetString = normalString;
leetString.replace('o', '0');
leetString.replace('e', '3');
Serial.println("l33tspeak: " + leetString);
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.12 StringStartsWithEndsWith
Sketch Code
/*
String startWith() and endsWith()
Examples of how to use startsWith() and endsWith() in a String
created 27 Jul 2010
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringStartsWithEndsWith
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString startsWith() and endsWith():");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// startsWith() checks to see if a String starts with a particular substring:
String stringOne = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK";
Serial.println(stringOne);
if (stringOne.startsWith("HTTP/1.1")) {
Serial.println("Server's using http version 1.1");
}
// you can also look for startsWith() at an offset position in the string:
stringOne = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK";
if (stringOne.startsWith("200 OK", 9)) {
Serial.println("Got an OK from the server");
}
// endsWith() checks to see if a String ends with a particular character:
String sensorReading = "sensor = ";
sensorReading += analogRead(A0);
Serial.print(sensorReading);
if (sensorReading.endsWith("0")) {
Serial.println(". This reading is divisible by ten");
} else {
Serial.println(". This reading is not divisible by ten");
}
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.13 StringSubstring
Sketch Code
/*
String substring()
Examples of how to use substring in a String
created 27 Jul 2010,
modified 2 Apr 2012
by Zach Eveland
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringSubstring
*/
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString substring():");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// Set up a String:
String stringOne = "Content-Type: text/html";
Serial.println(stringOne);
// substring(index) looks for the substring from the index position to the end:
if (stringOne.substring(19) == "html") {
Serial.println("It's an html file");
}
// you can also look for a substring in the middle of a string:
if (stringOne.substring(14, 18) == "text") {
Serial.println("It's a text-based file");
}
// do nothing while true:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.8.14 StringToint
Sketch Code
/*
String to Integer conversion
Reads a serial input string until it sees a newline, then converts the string
to a number if the characters are digits.
The circuit:
- No external components needed.
created 29 Nov 2010
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/StringToInt
*/
String inString = ""; // string to hold input
void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
}
// send an intro:
Serial.println("\n\nString toInt():");
Serial.println();
}
void loop() {
// Read serial input:
while (Serial.available() > 0) {
int inChar = Serial.read();
if (isDigit(inChar)) {
// convert the incoming byte to a char and add it to the string:
inString += (char)inChar;
}
// if you get a newline, print the string, then the string's value:
if (inChar == '\n') {
Serial.print("Value:");
Serial.println(inString.toInt());
Serial.print("String: ");
Serial.println(inString);
// clear the string for new input:
inString = "";
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
Section 4.9: 09.USB Examples
4.9.1 KeyboardLayout
Sketch Code
/*
Keyboard logout
This sketch demonstrates the Keyboard library.
When you connect pin 2 to ground, it performs a logout.
It uses keyboard combinations to do this, as follows:
On Windows, CTRL-ALT-DEL followed by ALT-l
On Ubuntu, CTRL-ALT-DEL, and ENTER
On OSX, CMD-SHIFT-q
To wake: Spacebar.
Circuit:
- Arduino Leonardo or Micro
- wire to connect D2 to ground
created 6 Mar 2012
modified 27 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/KeyboardLogout
*/
#define OSX 0
#define WINDOWS 1
#define UBUNTU 2
#include "Keyboard.h"
// change this to match your platform:
int platform = OSX;
void setup() {
// make pin 2 an input and turn on the pull-up resistor so it goes high unless
// connected to ground:
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
Keyboard.begin();
}
void loop() {
while (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
// do nothing until pin 2 goes low
delay(500);
}
delay(1000);
switch (platform) {
case OSX:
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_GUI);
// Shift-Q logs out:
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_SHIFT);
Keyboard.press('Q');
delay(100);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// enter:
Keyboard.write(KEY_RETURN);
break;
case WINDOWS:
// CTRL-ALT-DEL:
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_CTRL);
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_ALT);
Keyboard.press(KEY_DELETE);
delay(100);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// ALT-l:
delay(2000);
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_ALT);
Keyboard.press('l');
Keyboard.releaseAll();
break;
case UBUNTU:
// CTRL-ALT-DEL:
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_CTRL);
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_ALT);
Keyboard.press(KEY_DELETE);
delay(1000);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// Enter to confirm logout:
Keyboard.write(KEY_RETURN);
break;
}
// do nothing:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.9.2 KeyboardMessage
Sketch Code
/*
Keyboard Message test
For the Arduino Leonardo and Micro.
Sends a text string when a button is pressed.
The circuit:
- pushbutton attached from pin 4 to +5V
- 10 kilohm resistor attached from pin 4 to ground
created 24 Oct 2011
modified 27 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
modified 11 Nov 2013
by Scott Fitzgerald
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/KeyboardMessage
*/
#include "Keyboard.h"
const int buttonPin = 4; // input pin for pushbutton
int previousButtonState = HIGH; // for checking the state of a pushButton
int counter = 0; // button push counter
void setup() {
// make the pushButton pin an input:
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
// initialize control over the keyboard:
Keyboard.begin();
}
void loop() {
// read the pushbutton:
int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// if the button state has changed,
if ((buttonState != previousButtonState)
// and it's currently pressed:
&& (buttonState == HIGH)) {
// increment the button counter
counter++;
// type out a message
Keyboard.print("You pressed the button ");
Keyboard.print(counter);
Keyboard.println(" times.");
}
// save the current button state for comparison next time:
previousButtonState = buttonState;
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example DigitalReadSerial
Video Demonstration
4.9.3 KeyboardReprogram
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Programs Blink
This sketch demonstrates the Keyboard library.
For Leonardo and Due boards only.
When you connect pin 2 to ground, it creates a new window with a key
combination (CTRL-N), then types in the Blink sketch, then auto-formats the
text using another key combination (CTRL-T), then uploads the sketch to the
currently selected Arduino using a final key combination (CTRL-U).
Circuit:
- Arduino Leonardo, Micro, Due, LilyPad USB, or Yún
- wire to connect D2 to ground
created 5 Mar 2012
modified 29 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
modified 3 May 2014
by Scott Fitzgerald
This example is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/KeyboardReprogram
*/
#include "Keyboard.h"
// use this option for OSX.
// Comment it out if using Windows or Linux:
char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_GUI;
// use this option for Windows and Linux.
// leave commented out if using OSX:
// char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_CTRL;
void setup() {
// make pin 2 an input and turn on the pull-up resistor so it goes high unless
// connected to ground:
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
// initialize control over the keyboard:
Keyboard.begin();
}
void loop() {
while (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
// do nothing until pin 2 goes low
delay(500);
}
delay(1000);
// new document:
Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
Keyboard.press('n');
delay(100);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// wait for new window to open:
delay(1000);
// versions of the Arduino IDE after 1.5 pre-populate new sketches with
// setup() and loop() functions let's clear the window before typing anything new
// select all
Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
Keyboard.press('a');
delay(500);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// delete the selected text
Keyboard.write(KEY_BACKSPACE);
delay(500);
// Type out "blink":
Keyboard.println("void setup() {");
Keyboard.println("pinMode(13, OUTPUT);");
Keyboard.println("}");
Keyboard.println();
Keyboard.println("void loop() {");
Keyboard.println("digitalWrite(13, HIGH);");
Keyboard.print("delay(3000);");
// 3000 ms is too long. Delete it:
for (int keystrokes = 0; keystrokes < 6; keystrokes++) {
delay(500);
Keyboard.write(KEY_BACKSPACE);
}
// make it 1000 instead:
Keyboard.println("1000);");
Keyboard.println("digitalWrite(13, LOW);");
Keyboard.println("delay(1000);");
Keyboard.println("}");
// tidy up:
Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
Keyboard.press('t');
delay(100);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
delay(3000);
// upload code:
Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
Keyboard.press('u');
delay(100);
Keyboard.releaseAll();
// wait for the sweet oblivion of reprogramming:
while (true)
;
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example KeyboardLayout
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example KeyboardLayout
Video Demonstration
4.9.4 KeyboardSerial
Sketch Code
/*
Keyboard test
For the Arduino Leonardo, Micro or Due
Reads a byte from the serial port, sends a keystroke back.
The sent keystroke is one higher than what's received, e.g. if you send a,
you get b, send A you get B, and so forth.
The circuit:
- none
created 21 Oct 2011
modified 27 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/KeyboardSerial
*/
#include "Keyboard.h"
void setup() {
// open the serial port:
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize control over the keyboard:
Keyboard.begin();
}
void loop() {
// check for incoming serial data:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
// read incoming serial data:
char inChar = Serial.read();
// Type the next ASCII value from what you received:
Keyboard.write(inChar + 1);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
N/A
KiCad Schematic
N/A
Video Demonstration
4.9.5 ButtonMouseControl
Sketch Code
/*
ButtonMouseControl
For Leonardo and Due boards only.
Controls the mouse from five pushbuttons on an Arduino Leonardo, Micro or Due.
Hardware:
- five pushbuttons attached to D2, D3, D4, D5, D6
The mouse movement is always relative. This sketch reads four pushbuttons,
and uses them to set the movement of the mouse.
WARNING: When you use the Mouse.move() command, the Arduino takes over your
mouse! Make sure you have control before you use the mouse commands.
created 15 Mar 2012
modified 27 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ButtonMouseControl
*/
#include "Mouse.h"
// set pin numbers for the five buttons:
const int upButton = 2;
const int downButton = 3;
const int leftButton = 4;
const int rightButton = 5;
const int mouseButton = 6;
int range = 5; // output range of X or Y movement; affects movement speed
int responseDelay = 10; // response delay of the mouse, in ms
void setup() {
// initialize the buttons' inputs:
pinMode(upButton, INPUT);
pinMode(downButton, INPUT);
pinMode(leftButton, INPUT);
pinMode(rightButton, INPUT);
pinMode(mouseButton, INPUT);
// initialize mouse control:
Mouse.begin();
}
void loop() {
// read the buttons:
int upState = digitalRead(upButton);
int downState = digitalRead(downButton);
int rightState = digitalRead(rightButton);
int leftState = digitalRead(leftButton);
int clickState = digitalRead(mouseButton);
// calculate the movement distance based on the button states:
int xDistance = (leftState - rightState) * range;
int yDistance = (upState - downState) * range;
// if X or Y is non-zero, move:
if ((xDistance != 0) || (yDistance != 0)) {
Mouse.move(xDistance, yDistance, 0);
}
// if the mouse button is pressed:
if (clickState == HIGH) {
// if the mouse is not pressed, press it:
if (!Mouse.isPressed(MOUSE_LEFT)) {
Mouse.press(MOUSE_LEFT);
}
}
// else the mouse button is not pressed:
else {
// if the mouse is pressed, release it:
if (Mouse.isPressed(MOUSE_LEFT)) {
Mouse.release(MOUSE_LEFT);
}
}
// a delay so the mouse doesn't move too fast:
delay(responseDelay);
}
Fritzing Circuit
Same as Example KeyboardAndMouseControl
KiCad Schematic
Same as Example KeyboardAndMouseControl
Video Demonstration
4.9.6 JoystickMouseControl
Sketch Code
/*
JoystickMouseControl
Controls the mouse from a joystick on an Arduino Leonardo, Micro or Due.
Uses a pushbutton to turn on and off mouse control, and a second pushbutton
to click the left mouse button.
Hardware:
- 2-axis joystick connected to pins A0 and A1
- pushbuttons connected to pin D2 and D3
The mouse movement is always relative. This sketch reads two analog inputs
that range from 0 to 1023 (or less on either end) and translates them into
ranges of -6 to 6.
The sketch assumes that the joystick resting values are around the middle of
the range, but that they vary within a threshold.
WARNING: When you use the Mouse.move() command, the Arduino takes over your
mouse! Make sure you have control before you use the command. This sketch
includes a pushbutton to toggle the mouse control state, so you can turn on
and off mouse control.
created 15 Sep 2011
updated 28 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/JoystickMouseControl
*/
#include "Mouse.h"
// set pin numbers for switch, joystick axes, and LED:
const int switchPin = 2; // switch to turn on and off mouse control
const int mouseButton = 3; // input pin for the mouse pushButton
const int xAxis = A0; // joystick X axis
const int yAxis = A1; // joystick Y axis
const int ledPin = 5; // Mouse control LED
// parameters for reading the joystick:
int range = 12; // output range of X or Y movement
int responseDelay = 5; // response delay of the mouse, in ms
int threshold = range / 4; // resting threshold
int center = range / 2; // resting position value
bool mouseIsActive = false; // whether or not to control the mouse
int lastSwitchState = LOW; // previous switch state
void setup() {
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT); // the switch pin
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // the LED pin
// take control of the mouse:
Mouse.begin();
}
void loop() {
// read the switch:
int switchState = digitalRead(switchPin);
// if it's changed and it's high, toggle the mouse state:
if (switchState != lastSwitchState) {
if (switchState == HIGH) {
mouseIsActive = !mouseIsActive;
// turn on LED to indicate mouse state:
digitalWrite(ledPin, mouseIsActive);
}
}
// save switch state for next comparison:
lastSwitchState = switchState;
// read and scale the two axes:
int xReading = readAxis(A0);
int yReading = readAxis(A1);
// if the mouse control state is active, move the mouse:
if (mouseIsActive) {
Mouse.move(xReading, yReading, 0);
}
// read the mouse button and click or not click:
// if the mouse button is pressed:
if (digitalRead(mouseButton) == HIGH) {
// if the mouse is not pressed, press it:
if (!Mouse.isPressed(MOUSE_LEFT)) {
Mouse.press(MOUSE_LEFT);
}
}
// else the mouse button is not pressed:
else {
// if the mouse is pressed, release it:
if (Mouse.isPressed(MOUSE_LEFT)) {
Mouse.release(MOUSE_LEFT);
}
}
delay(responseDelay);
}
/*
reads an axis (0 or 1 for x or y) and scales the analog input range to a range
from 0 to <range>
*/
int readAxis(int thisAxis) {
// read the analog input:
int reading = analogRead(thisAxis);
// map the reading from the analog input range to the output range:
reading = map(reading, 0, 1023, 0, range);
// if the output reading is outside from the rest position threshold, use it:
int distance = reading - center;
if (abs(distance) < threshold) {
distance = 0;
}
// return the distance for this axis:
return distance;
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.9.7 KeyboardAndMouseControl
Sketch Code
/*
KeyboardAndMouseControl
Controls the mouse from five pushbuttons on an Arduino Leonardo, Micro or Due.
Hardware:
- five pushbuttons attached to D2, D3, D4, D5, D6
The mouse movement is always relative. This sketch reads four pushbuttons, and
uses them to set the movement of the mouse.
WARNING: When you use the Mouse.move() command, the Arduino takes over your
mouse! Make sure you have control before you use the mouse commands.
created 15 Mar 2012
modified 27 Mar 2012
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/KeyboardAndMouseControl
*/
#include "Keyboard.h"
#include "Mouse.h"
// set pin numbers for the five buttons:
const int upButton = 2;
const int downButton = 3;
const int leftButton = 4;
const int rightButton = 5;
const int mouseButton = 6;
void setup() { // initialize the buttons' inputs:
pinMode(upButton, INPUT);
pinMode(downButton, INPUT);
pinMode(leftButton, INPUT);
pinMode(rightButton, INPUT);
pinMode(mouseButton, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize mouse control:
Mouse.begin();
Keyboard.begin();
}
void loop() {
// use serial input to control the mouse:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
char inChar = Serial.read();
switch (inChar) {
case 'u':
// move mouse up
Mouse.move(0, -40);
break;
case 'd':
// move mouse down
Mouse.move(0, 40);
break;
case 'l':
// move mouse left
Mouse.move(-40, 0);
break;
case 'r':
// move mouse right
Mouse.move(40, 0);
break;
case 'm':
// perform mouse left click
Mouse.click(MOUSE_LEFT);
break;
}
}
// use the pushbuttons to control the keyboard:
if (digitalRead(upButton) == HIGH) {
Keyboard.write('u');
}
if (digitalRead(downButton) == HIGH) {
Keyboard.write('d');
}
if (digitalRead(leftButton) == HIGH) {
Keyboard.write('l');
}
if (digitalRead(rightButton) == HIGH) {
Keyboard.write('r');
}
if (digitalRead(mouseButton) == HIGH) {
Keyboard.write('m');
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Section 4.10: 10.StarterKit_BasicKit Examples
Note
ALL examples for this Section 4.10 are directly referenced from Programming in Arduino.
4.10.1 p02_SpaceshipInterface
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 2 - Spaceship Interface
This sketch is written to accompany Project 2 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- one green LED
- two red LEDs
- pushbutton
- 10 kilohm resistor
- three 220 ohm resistors
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/02/29/project-2/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// Create a global variable to hold the state of the switch. This variable is
// persistent throughout the program. Whenever you refer to switchState, you’re
// talking about the number it holds
int switchstate = 0;
void setup() {
// declare the LED pins as outputs
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
// declare the switch pin as an input
pinMode(2, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the value of the switch
// digitalRead() checks to see if there is voltage on the pin or not
switchstate = digitalRead(2);
// if the button is not pressed turn on the green LED and off the red LEDs
if (switchstate == LOW) {
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // turn the green LED on pin 3 on
digitalWrite(4, LOW); // turn the red LED on pin 4 off
digitalWrite(5, LOW); // turn the red LED on pin 5 off
}
// this else is part of the above if() statement.
// if the switch is not LOW (the button is pressed) turn off the green LED and
// blink alternatively the red LEDs
else {
digitalWrite(3, LOW); // turn the green LED on pin 3 off
digitalWrite(4, LOW); // turn the red LED on pin 4 off
digitalWrite(5, HIGH); // turn the red LED on pin 5 on
// wait for a quarter second before changing the light
delay(250);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH); // turn the red LED on pin 4 on
digitalWrite(5, LOW); // turn the red LED on pin 5 off
// wait for a quarter second before changing the light
delay(250);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.2 p03_LoveOMeter
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 3 - Love-O-Meter
This sketch is written to accompany Project 3 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- one TMP36 temperature sensor
- three red LEDs
- three 220 ohm resistors
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/02/29/projecte-3/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// named constant for the pin the sensor is connected to
const int sensorPin = A0;
// room temperature in Celsius
const float baselineTemp = 20.0;
void setup() {
// open a serial connection to display values
Serial.begin(9600);
// set the LED pins as outputs
// the for() loop saves some extra coding
for (int pinNumber = 2; pinNumber < 5; pinNumber++) {
pinMode(pinNumber, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pinNumber, LOW);
}
}
void loop() {
// read the value on AnalogIn pin 0 and store it in a variable
int sensorVal = analogRead(sensorPin);
// send the 10-bit sensor value out the serial port
Serial.print("sensor Value: ");
Serial.print(sensorVal);
// convert the ADC reading to voltage
float voltage = (sensorVal / 1024.0) * 5.0;
// Send the voltage level out the Serial port
Serial.print(", Volts: ");
Serial.print(voltage);
// convert the voltage to temperature in degrees C
// the sensor changes 10 mV per degree
// the datasheet says there's a 500 mV offset
// ((voltage - 500 mV) times 100)
Serial.print(", degrees C: ");
float temperature = (voltage - .5) * 100;
Serial.println(temperature);
// if the current temperature is lower than the baseline turn off all LEDs
if (temperature < baselineTemp + 2) {
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
} // if the temperature rises 2-4 degrees, turn an LED on
else if (temperature >= baselineTemp + 2 && temperature < baselineTemp + 4) {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
} // if the temperature rises 4-6 degrees, turn a second LED on
else if (temperature >= baselineTemp + 4 && temperature < baselineTemp + 6) {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
} // if the temperature rises more than 6 degrees, turn all LEDs on
else if (temperature >= baselineTemp + 6) {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
}
delay(1);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.3 p04_ColorMixingLamp
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 4 - Color Mixing Lamp
This sketch is written to accompany Project 3 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- one RGB LED
- three 10 kilohm resistors
- three 220 ohm resistors
- three photoresistors
- red green and blue colored gels
created 13 Sep 2012
modified 14 Nov 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
Thanks to Federico Vanzati for improvements
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/01/project-04/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
const int greenLEDPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9
const int redLEDPin = 10; // LED connected to digital pin 10
const int blueLEDPin = 11; // LED connected to digital pin 11
const int redSensorPin = A0; // pin with the photoresistor with the red gel
const int greenSensorPin = A1; // pin with the photoresistor with the green gel
const int blueSensorPin = A2; // pin with the photoresistor with the blue gel
int redValue = 0; // value to write to the red LED
int greenValue = 0; // value to write to the green LED
int blueValue = 0; // value to write to the blue LED
int redSensorValue = 0; // variable to hold the value from the red sensor
int greenSensorValue = 0; // variable to hold the value from the green sensor
int blueSensorValue = 0; // variable to hold the value from the blue sensor
void setup() {
// initialize serial communications at 9600 bps:
Serial.begin(9600);
// set the digital pins as outputs
pinMode(greenLEDPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(redLEDPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(blueLEDPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// Read the sensors first:
// read the value from the red-filtered photoresistor:
redSensorValue = analogRead(redSensorPin);
// give the ADC a moment to settle
delay(5);
// read the value from the green-filtered photoresistor:
greenSensorValue = analogRead(greenSensorPin);
// give the ADC a moment to settle
delay(5);
// read the value from the blue-filtered photoresistor:
blueSensorValue = analogRead(blueSensorPin);
// print out the values to the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("raw sensor Values \t red: ");
Serial.print(redSensorValue);
Serial.print("\t green: ");
Serial.print(greenSensorValue);
Serial.print("\t Blue: ");
Serial.println(blueSensorValue);
/*
In order to use the values from the sensor for the LED, you need to do some
math. The ADC provides a 10-bit number, but analogWrite() uses 8 bits.
You'll want to divide your sensor readings by 4 to keep them in range
of the output.
*/
redValue = redSensorValue / 4;
greenValue = greenSensorValue / 4;
blueValue = blueSensorValue / 4;
// print out the mapped values
Serial.print("Mapped sensor Values \t red: ");
Serial.print(redValue);
Serial.print("\t green: ");
Serial.print(greenValue);
Serial.print("\t Blue: ");
Serial.println(blueValue);
/*
Now that you have a usable value, it's time to PWM the LED.
*/
analogWrite(redLEDPin, redValue);
analogWrite(greenLEDPin, greenValue);
analogWrite(blueLEDPin, blueValue);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.4 p05_ServoMoodIndicator
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 5 - Servo Mood Indicator
This sketch is written to accompany Project 5 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- servo motor
- 10 kilohm potentiometer
- two 100 uF electrolytic capacitors
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/01/project-05/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// include the Servo library
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myServo; // create a servo object
int const potPin = A0; // analog pin used to connect the potentiometer
int potVal; // variable to read the value from the analog pin
int angle; // variable to hold the angle for the servo motor
void setup() {
myServo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
Serial.begin(9600); // open a serial connection to your computer
}
void loop() {
potVal = analogRead(potPin); // read the value of the potentiometer
// print out the value to the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("potVal: ");
Serial.print(potVal);
// scale the numbers from the pot
angle = map(potVal, 0, 1023, 0, 179);
// print out the angle for the servo motor
Serial.print(", angle: ");
Serial.println(angle);
// set the servo position
myServo.write(angle);
// wait for the servo to get there
delay(15);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.5 p06_LightTheremin
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 6 - Light Theremin
This sketch is written to accompany Project 6 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- photoresistor
- 10 kilohm resistor
- piezo
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/02/project-06/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// variable to hold sensor value
int sensorValue;
// variable to calibrate low value
int sensorLow = 1023;
// variable to calibrate high value
int sensorHigh = 0;
// LED pin
const int ledPin = 13;
void setup() {
// Make the LED pin an output and turn it on
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
// calibrate for the first five seconds after program runs
while (millis() < 5000) {
// record the maximum sensor value
sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
if (sensorValue > sensorHigh) {
sensorHigh = sensorValue;
}
// record the minimum sensor value
if (sensorValue < sensorLow) {
sensorLow = sensorValue;
}
}
// turn the LED off, signaling the end of the calibration period
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
void loop() {
//read the input from A0 and store it in a variable
sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// map the sensor values to a wide range of pitches
int pitch = map(sensorValue, sensorLow, sensorHigh, 50, 4000);
// play the tone for 20 ms on pin 8
tone(8, pitch, 20);
// wait for a moment
delay(10);
}
Fritzing Circuit
Similar to Example tonePitchFollower, but use pin 8 instead of pin 9.
KiCad Schematic
Similar to Example tonePitchFollower, but use pin 8 instead of pin 9.
Video Demonstration
4.10.6 p07_Keyboard
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 7 - Keyboard
This sketch is written to accompany Project 7 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- two 10 kilohm resistors
- 1 megohm resistor
- 220 ohm resistor
- four pushbuttons
- piezo
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/02/project-07/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// create an array of notes
// the numbers below correspond to the frequencies of middle C, D, E, and F
int notes[] = { 262, 294, 330, 349 };
void setup() {
//start serial communication
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// create a local variable to hold the input on pin A0
int keyVal = analogRead(A0);
// send the value from A0 to the Serial Monitor
Serial.println(keyVal);
// play the note corresponding to each value on A0
if (keyVal == 1023) {
// play the first frequency in the array on pin 8
tone(8, notes[0]);
} else if (keyVal >= 990 && keyVal <= 1010) {
// play the second frequency in the array on pin 8
tone(8, notes[1]);
} else if (keyVal >= 505 && keyVal <= 515) {
// play the third frequency in the array on pin 8
tone(8, notes[2]);
} else if (keyVal >= 5 && keyVal <= 10) {
// play the fourth frequency in the array on pin 8
tone(8, notes[3]);
} else {
// if the value is out of range, play no tone
noTone(8);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.7 p08_DigitalHourglass
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 8 - Digital Hourglass
This sketch is written to accompany Project 8 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 10 kilohm resistor
- six 220 ohm resistors
- six LEDs
- tilt switch
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/03/project-08-digital-hourglass/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// named constant for the switch pin
const int switchPin = 8;
unsigned long previousTime = 0; // store the last time an LED was updated
int switchState = 0; // the current switch state
int prevSwitchState = 0; // the previous switch state
int led = 2; // a variable to refer to the LEDs
// 600000 = 10 minutes in milliseconds
long interval = 600000; // interval at which to light the next LED
void setup() {
// set the LED pins as outputs
for (int x = 2; x < 8; x++) {
pinMode(x, OUTPUT);
}
// set the tilt switch pin as input
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// store the time since the Arduino started running in a variable
unsigned long currentTime = millis();
// compare the current time to the previous time an LED turned on
// if it is greater than your interval, run the if statement
if (currentTime - previousTime > interval) {
// save the current time as the last time you changed an LED
previousTime = currentTime;
// Turn the LED on
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
// increment the led variable
// in 10 minutes the next LED will light up
led++;
if (led == 7) {
// the hour is up
}
}
// read the switch value
switchState = digitalRead(switchPin);
// if the switch has changed
if (switchState != prevSwitchState) {
// turn all the LEDs low
for (int x = 2; x < 8; x++) {
digitalWrite(x, LOW);
}
// reset the LED variable to the first one
led = 2;
//reset the timer
previousTime = currentTime;
}
// set the previous switch state to the current state
prevSwitchState = switchState;
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.8 p09_MotorizedPinwheel
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 9 - Motorized Pinwheel
This sketch is written to accompany Project 9 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 10 kilohm resistor
- pushbutton
- motor
- 9V battery
- IRF520 MOSFET
- 1N4007 diode
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/04/project-10-2/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// named constants for the switch and motor pins
const int switchPin = 2; // the number of the switch pin
const int motorPin = 9; // the number of the motor pin
int switchState = 0; // variable for reading the switch's status
void setup() {
// initialize the motor pin as an output:
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the switch pin as an input:
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the switch value:
switchState = digitalRead(switchPin);
// check if the switch is pressed.
if (switchState == HIGH) {
// turn motor on:
digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH);
} else {
// turn motor off:
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.9 p10_Zoetrope
Description
This examples deals with H-bridge using the integrated circuit SN754410. Some external references are recommended to read:
- DC Motor Control Using an H-Bridge
- El puente H: Invirtiendo el sentido de giro de un motor con Arduino in Spanish
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 10 - Zoetrope
This sketch is written to accompany Project 10 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- two 10 kilohm resistors
- two momentary pushbuttons
- one 10 kilohm potentiometer
- motor
- 9V battery
- H-Bridge
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
Thanks to Federico Vanzati for improvements
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/05/project-11/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
const int controlPin1 = 2; // connected to pin 7 on the H-bridge
const int controlPin2 = 3; // connected to pin 2 on the H-bridge
const int enablePin = 9; // connected to pin 1 on the H-bridge
const int directionSwitchPin = 4; // connected to the switch for direction
const int onOffSwitchStateSwitchPin = 5; // connected to the switch for turning the motor on and off
const int potPin = A0; // connected to the potentiometer's output
// create some variables to hold values from your inputs
int onOffSwitchState = 0; // current state of the on/off switch
int previousOnOffSwitchState = 0; // previous position of the on/off switch
int directionSwitchState = 0; // current state of the direction switch
int previousDirectionSwitchState = 0; // previous state of the direction switch
int motorEnabled = 0; // Turns the motor on/off
int motorSpeed = 0; // speed of the motor
int motorDirection = 1; // current direction of the motor
void setup() {
// initialize the inputs and outputs
pinMode(directionSwitchPin, INPUT);
pinMode(onOffSwitchStateSwitchPin, INPUT);
pinMode(controlPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(controlPin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(enablePin, OUTPUT);
// pull the enable pin LOW to start
digitalWrite(enablePin, LOW);
}
void loop() {
// read the value of the on/off switch
onOffSwitchState = digitalRead(onOffSwitchStateSwitchPin);
delay(1);
// read the value of the direction switch
directionSwitchState = digitalRead(directionSwitchPin);
// read the value of the pot and divide by 4 to get a value that can be
// used for PWM
motorSpeed = analogRead(potPin) / 4;
// if the on/off button changed state since the last loop()
if (onOffSwitchState != previousOnOffSwitchState) {
// change the value of motorEnabled if pressed
if (onOffSwitchState == HIGH) {
motorEnabled = !motorEnabled;
}
}
// if the direction button changed state since the last loop()
if (directionSwitchState != previousDirectionSwitchState) {
// change the value of motorDirection if pressed
if (directionSwitchState == HIGH) {
motorDirection = !motorDirection;
}
}
// change the direction the motor spins by talking to the control pins
// on the H-Bridge
if (motorDirection == 1) {
digitalWrite(controlPin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(controlPin2, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(controlPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(controlPin2, HIGH);
}
// if the motor is supposed to be on
if (motorEnabled == 1) {
// PWM the enable pin to vary the speed
analogWrite(enablePin, motorSpeed);
} else { // if the motor is not supposed to be on
//turn the motor off
analogWrite(enablePin, 0);
}
// save the current on/off switch state as the previous
previousDirectionSwitchState = directionSwitchState;
// save the current switch state as the previous
previousOnOffSwitchState = onOffSwitchState;
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.10 p11_CrystalBall
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 11 - Crystal Ball
This sketch is written to accompany Project 11 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 220 ohm resistor
- 10 kilohm resistor
- 10 kilohm potentiometer
- 16x2 LCD screen
- tilt switch
created 13 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/05/project-12/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
// set up a constant for the tilt switch pin
const int switchPin = 6;
// variable to hold the value of the switch pin
int switchState = 0;
// variable to hold previous value of the switch pin
int prevSwitchState = 0;
// a variable to choose which reply from the crystal ball
int reply;
void setup() {
// set up the number of columns and rows on the LCD
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// set up the switch pin as an input
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("Ask the");
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print to the second line
lcd.print("Crystal Ball!");
}
void loop() {
// check the status of the switch
switchState = digitalRead(switchPin);
// compare the switchState to its previous state
if (switchState != prevSwitchState) {
// if the state has changed from HIGH to LOW you know that the ball has been
// tilted from one direction to the other
if (switchState == LOW) {
// randomly chose a reply
reply = random(8);
// clean up the screen before printing a new reply
lcd.clear();
// set the cursor to column 0, line 0
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
// print some text
lcd.print("the ball says:");
// move the cursor to the second line
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// choose a saying to print based on the value in reply
switch (reply) {
case 0:
lcd.print("Yes");
break;
case 1:
lcd.print("Most likely");
break;
case 2:
lcd.print("Certainly");
break;
case 3:
lcd.print("Outlook good");
break;
case 4:
lcd.print("Unsure");
break;
case 5:
lcd.print("Ask again");
break;
case 6:
lcd.print("Doubtful");
break;
case 7:
lcd.print("No");
break;
}
}
}
// save the current switch state as the last state
prevSwitchState = switchState;
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.11 p12_KnockLock
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 12 - Knock Lock
This sketch is written to accompany Project 12 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 1 megohm resistor
- 10 kilohm resistor
- three 220 ohm resistors
- piezo
- servo motor
- push button
- one red LED
- one yellow LED
- one green LED
- 100 uF capacitor
created 18 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
Thanks to Federico Vanzati for improvements
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/project-13/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// import the library
#include <Servo.h>
// create an instance of the Servo library
Servo myServo;
const int piezo = A0; // pin the piezo is attached to
const int switchPin = 2; // pin the switch is attached to
const int yellowLed = 3; // pin the yellow LED is attached to
const int greenLed = 4; // pin the green LED is attached to
const int redLed = 5; // pin the red LED is attached to
// variable for the piezo value
int knockVal;
// variable for the switch value
int switchVal;
// variables for the high and low limits of the knock value
const int quietKnock = 10;
const int loudKnock = 100;
// variable to indicate if locked or not
bool locked = false;
// how many valid knocks you've received
int numberOfKnocks = 0;
void setup() {
// attach the servo to pin 9
myServo.attach(9);
// make the LED pins outputs
pinMode(yellowLed, OUTPUT);
pinMode(redLed, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenLed, OUTPUT);
// set the switch pin as an input
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
// start serial communication for debugging
Serial.begin(9600);
// turn the green LED on
digitalWrite(greenLed, HIGH);
// move the servo to the unlocked position
myServo.write(0);
// print status to the Serial Monitor
Serial.println("the box is unlocked!");
}
void loop() {
// if the box is unlocked
if (locked == false) {
// read the value of the switch pin
switchVal = digitalRead(switchPin);
// if the button is pressed, lock the box
if (switchVal == HIGH) {
// set the locked variable to "true"
locked = true;
// change the status LEDs
digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW);
digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH);
// move the servo to the locked position
myServo.write(90);
// print out status
Serial.println("the box is locked!");
// wait for the servo to move into position
delay(1000);
}
}
// if the box is locked
if (locked == true) {
// check the value of the piezo
knockVal = analogRead(piezo);
// if there are not enough valid knocks
if (numberOfKnocks < 3 && knockVal > 0) {
// check to see if the knock is in range
if (checkForKnock(knockVal) == true) {
// increment the number of valid knocks
numberOfKnocks++;
}
// print status of knocks
Serial.print(3 - numberOfKnocks);
Serial.println(" more knocks to go");
}
// if there are three knocks
if (numberOfKnocks >= 3) {
// unlock the box
locked = false;
// move the servo to the unlocked position
myServo.write(0);
// wait for it to move
delay(20);
// change status LEDs
digitalWrite(greenLed, HIGH);
digitalWrite(redLed, LOW);
Serial.println("the box is unlocked!");
numberOfKnocks = 0;
}
}
}
// this function checks to see if a detected knock is within max and min range
bool checkForKnock(int value) {
// if the value of the knock is greater than the minimum, and larger
// than the maximum
if (value > quietKnock && value < loudKnock) {
// turn the status LED on
digitalWrite(yellowLed, HIGH);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(yellowLed, LOW);
// print out the status
Serial.print("Valid knock of value ");
Serial.println(value);
// return true
return true;
}
// if the knock is not within range
else {
// print status
Serial.print("Bad knock value ");
Serial.println(value);
// return false
return false;
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.12 p13_TouchSensorLamp
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 13 - Touch Sensor Lamp
This sketch is written to accompany Project 13 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 1 megohm resistor
- metal foil or copper mesh
- 220 ohm resistor
- LED
Software required :
- CapacitiveSensor library by Paul Badger
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/libraries/capacitivesensor/
created 18 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/project-14/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
// import the library (must be located in the Arduino/libraries directory)
#include <CapacitiveSensor.h>
// create an instance of the library
// pin 4 sends electrical energy
// pin 2 senses senses a change
CapacitiveSensor capSensor = CapacitiveSensor(4, 2);
// threshold for turning the lamp on
int threshold = 1000;
// pin the LED is connected to
const int ledPin = 12;
void setup() {
// open a serial connection
Serial.begin(9600);
// set the LED pin as an output
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// store the value reported by the sensor in a variable
long sensorValue = capSensor.capacitiveSensor(30);
// print out the sensor value
Serial.println(sensorValue);
// if the value is greater than the threshold
if (sensorValue > threshold) {
// turn the LED on
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
// if it's lower than the threshold
else {
// turn the LED off
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
delay(10);
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.13 p14_TweakTheArduinoLogo
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 14 - Tweak the Arduino Logo
This sketch is written to accompany Project 14 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- 10 kilohm potentiometer
Software required:
- Processing (3.0 or newer) https://processing.org/
- Active Internet connection
created 18 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/08/project-14-2/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the value of A0, divide by 4 and send it as a byte over the
// serial connection
Serial.write(analogRead(A0) / 4);
delay(1);
}
/* Processing code for this example
// Tweak the Arduino Logo
// by Scott Fitzgerald
// This example code is in the public domain.
// import the serial library
import processing.serial.*;
// create an instance of the serial library
Serial myPort;
// create an instance of PImage
PImage logo;
// a variable to hold the background color
int bgcolor = 0;
void setup() {
size(1, 1);
surface.setResizable(true);
// set the color mode to Hue/Saturation/Brightness
colorMode(HSB, 255);
// load the Arduino logo into the PImage instance
logo = loadImage("http://www.arduino.cc/arduino_logo.png");
// make the window the same size as the image
surface.setSize(logo.width, logo.height);
// print a list of available serial ports to the Processing status window
println("Available serial ports:");
println(Serial.list());
// Tell the serial object the information it needs to communicate with the
// Arduino. Change Serial.list()[0] to the correct port corresponding to
// your Arduino board. The last parameter (e.g. 9600) is the speed of the
// communication. It has to correspond to the value passed to
// Serial.begin() in your Arduino sketch.
myPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);
// If you know the name of the port used by the Arduino board, you can
// specify it directly like this.
// port = new Serial(this, "COM1", 9600);
}
void draw() {
// if there is information in the serial port
if ( myPort.available() > 0) {
// read the value and store it in a variable
bgcolor = myPort.read();
// print the value to the status window
println(bgcolor);
}
// Draw the background. the variable bgcolor contains the Hue, determined by
// the value from the serial port
background(bgcolor, 255, 255);
// draw the Arduino logo
image(logo, 0, 0);
}
*/
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
4.10.14 p15_HackingButtons
Sketch Code
/*
Arduino Starter Kit example
Project 15 - Hacking Buttons
This sketch is written to accompany Project 15 in the Arduino Starter Kit
Parts required:
- battery powered component
- 220 ohm resistor
- 4N35 optocoupler
created 18 Sep 2012
by Scott Fitzgerald
https://programminginarduino.wordpress.com/2016/03/08/project-15/
https://store.arduino.cc/genuino-starter-kit
This example code is part of the public domain.
*/
const int optoPin = 2; // the pin the optocoupler is connected to
void setup() {
// make the pin with the optocoupler an output
pinMode(optoPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(optoPin, HIGH); // pull pin 2 HIGH, activating the optocoupler
delay(15); // give the optocoupler a moment to activate
digitalWrite(optoPin, LOW); // pull pin 2 low until you're ready to activate again
delay(21000); // wait for 21 seconds
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Section 4.11: 11.ArduinoISP Examples
4.11.1 ArduinoISP
Sketch Code
// https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/arduino-isp/ArduinoISP
// ArduinoISP
// Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Randall Bohn
// If you require a license, see
// https://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
//
// This sketch turns the Arduino into a AVRISP using the following Arduino pins:
//
// Pin 10 is used to reset the target microcontroller.
//
// By default, the hardware SPI pins MISO, MOSI and SCK are used to communicate
// with the target. On all Arduinos, these pins can be found
// on the ICSP/SPI header:
//
// MISO °. . 5V (!) Avoid this pin on Due, Zero...
// SCK . . MOSI
// . . GND
//
// On some Arduinos (Uno,...), pins MOSI, MISO and SCK are the same pins as
// digital pin 11, 12 and 13, respectively. That is why many tutorials instruct
// you to hook up the target to these pins. If you find this wiring more
// practical, have a define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING. This will work even when not
// using an Uno. (On an Uno this is not needed).
//
// Alternatively you can use any other digital pin by configuring
// software ('BitBanged') SPI and having appropriate defines for PIN_MOSI,
// PIN_MISO and PIN_SCK.
//
// IMPORTANT: When using an Arduino that is not 5V tolerant (Due, Zero, ...) as
// the programmer, make sure to not expose any of the programmer's pins to 5V.
// A simple way to accomplish this is to power the complete system (programmer
// and target) at 3V3.
//
// Put an LED (with resistor) on the following pins:
// 9: Heartbeat - shows the programmer is running
// 8: Error - Lights up if something goes wrong (use red if that makes sense)
// 7: Programming - In communication with the target
//
#include "Arduino.h"
#undef SERIAL
#define PROG_FLICKER true
// Configure SPI clock (in Hz).
// E.g. for an ATtiny @ 128 kHz: the datasheet states that both the high and low
// SPI clock pulse must be > 2 CPU cycles, so take 3 cycles i.e. divide target
// f_cpu by 6:
// #define SPI_CLOCK (128000/6)
//
// A clock slow enough for an ATtiny85 @ 1 MHz, is a reasonable default:
#define SPI_CLOCK (1000000 / 6)
// Select hardware or software SPI, depending on SPI clock.
// Currently only for AVR, for other architectures (Due, Zero,...), hardware SPI
// is probably too fast anyway.
#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_AVR)
#if SPI_CLOCK > (F_CPU / 128)
#define USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#endif
#endif
// Configure which pins to use:
// The standard pin configuration.
#ifndef ARDUINO_HOODLOADER2
#define RESET 10 // Use pin 10 to reset the target rather than SS
#define LED_HB 9
#define LED_ERR 8
#define LED_PMODE 7
// Uncomment following line to use the old Uno style wiring
// (using pin 11, 12 and 13 instead of the SPI header) on Leonardo, Due...
// #define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING
#ifdef USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING
#define PIN_MOSI 11
#define PIN_MISO 12
#define PIN_SCK 13
#endif
// HOODLOADER2 means running sketches on the ATmega16U2 serial converter chips
// on Uno or Mega boards. We must use pins that are broken out:
#else
#define RESET 4
#define LED_HB 7
#define LED_ERR 6
#define LED_PMODE 5
#endif
// By default, use hardware SPI pins:
#ifndef PIN_MOSI
#define PIN_MOSI MOSI
#endif
#ifndef PIN_MISO
#define PIN_MISO MISO
#endif
#ifndef PIN_SCK
#define PIN_SCK SCK
#endif
// Force bitbanged SPI if not using the hardware SPI pins:
#if (PIN_MISO != MISO) || (PIN_MOSI != MOSI) || (PIN_SCK != SCK)
#undef USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#endif
// Configure the serial port to use.
//
// Prefer the USB virtual serial port (aka. native USB port), if the Arduino has one:
// - it does not autoreset (except for the magic baud rate of 1200).
// - it is more reliable because of USB handshaking.
//
// Leonardo and similar have an USB virtual serial port: 'Serial'.
// Due and Zero have an USB virtual serial port: 'SerialUSB'.
//
// On the Due and Zero, 'Serial' can be used too, provided you disable autoreset.
// To use 'Serial': #define SERIAL Serial
#ifdef SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL
#define SERIAL SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL
#else
#define SERIAL Serial
#endif
// Configure the baud rate:
#define BAUDRATE 19200
// #define BAUDRATE 115200
// #define BAUDRATE 1000000
#define HWVER 2
#define SWMAJ 1
#define SWMIN 18
// STK Definitions
#define STK_OK 0x10
#define STK_FAILED 0x11
#define STK_UNKNOWN 0x12
#define STK_INSYNC 0x14
#define STK_NOSYNC 0x15
#define CRC_EOP 0x20 //ok it is a space...
void pulse(int pin, int times);
#ifdef USE_HARDWARE_SPI
#include "SPI.h"
#else
#define SPI_MODE0 0x00
#if !defined(ARDUINO_API_VERSION) || ARDUINO_API_VERSION != 10001 // A SPISettings class is declared by ArduinoCore-API 1.0.1
class SPISettings {
public:
// clock is in Hz
SPISettings(uint32_t clock, uint8_t bitOrder, uint8_t dataMode)
: clockFreq(clock) {
(void)bitOrder;
(void)dataMode;
};
uint32_t getClockFreq() const {
return clockFreq;
}
private:
uint32_t clockFreq;
};
#endif // !defined(ARDUINO_API_VERSION)
class BitBangedSPI {
public:
void begin() {
digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);
digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, LOW);
pinMode(PIN_SCK, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_MOSI, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_MISO, INPUT);
}
void beginTransaction(SPISettings settings) {
pulseWidth = (500000 + settings.getClockFreq() - 1) / settings.getClockFreq();
if (pulseWidth == 0) {
pulseWidth = 1;
}
}
void end() {}
uint8_t transfer(uint8_t b) {
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, (b & 0x80) ? HIGH : LOW);
digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
b = (b << 1) | digitalRead(PIN_MISO);
digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW); // slow pulse
delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
}
return b;
}
private:
unsigned long pulseWidth; // in microseconds
};
static BitBangedSPI SPI;
#endif
void setup() {
SERIAL.begin(BAUDRATE);
pinMode(LED_PMODE, OUTPUT);
pulse(LED_PMODE, 2);
pinMode(LED_ERR, OUTPUT);
pulse(LED_ERR, 2);
pinMode(LED_HB, OUTPUT);
pulse(LED_HB, 2);
}
int ISPError = 0;
int pmode = 0;
// address for reading and writing, set by 'U' command
unsigned int here;
uint8_t buff[256]; // global block storage
#define beget16(addr) (*addr * 256 + *(addr + 1))
typedef struct param {
uint8_t devicecode;
uint8_t revision;
uint8_t progtype;
uint8_t parmode;
uint8_t polling;
uint8_t selftimed;
uint8_t lockbytes;
uint8_t fusebytes;
uint8_t flashpoll;
uint16_t eeprompoll;
uint16_t pagesize;
uint16_t eepromsize;
uint32_t flashsize;
} parameter;
parameter param;
// this provides a heartbeat on pin 9, so you can tell the software is running.
uint8_t hbval = 128;
int8_t hbdelta = 8;
void heartbeat() {
static unsigned long last_time = 0;
unsigned long now = millis();
if ((now - last_time) < 40) {
return;
}
last_time = now;
if (hbval > 192) {
hbdelta = -hbdelta;
}
if (hbval < 32) {
hbdelta = -hbdelta;
}
hbval += hbdelta;
analogWrite(LED_HB, hbval);
}
static bool rst_active_high;
void reset_target(bool reset) {
digitalWrite(RESET, ((reset && rst_active_high) || (!reset && !rst_active_high)) ? HIGH : LOW);
}
void loop(void) {
// is pmode active?
if (pmode) {
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);
}
// is there an error?
if (ISPError) {
digitalWrite(LED_ERR, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(LED_ERR, LOW);
}
// light the heartbeat LED
heartbeat();
if (SERIAL.available()) {
avrisp();
}
}
uint8_t getch() {
while (!SERIAL.available())
;
return SERIAL.read();
}
void fill(int n) {
for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {
buff[x] = getch();
}
}
#define PTIME 30
void pulse(int pin, int times) {
do {
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
delay(PTIME);
digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
delay(PTIME);
} while (times--);
}
void prog_lamp(int state) {
if (PROG_FLICKER) {
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, state);
}
}
uint8_t spi_transaction(uint8_t a, uint8_t b, uint8_t c, uint8_t d) {
SPI.transfer(a);
SPI.transfer(b);
SPI.transfer(c);
return SPI.transfer(d);
}
void empty_reply() {
if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
} else {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
}
void breply(uint8_t b) {
if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
SERIAL.print((char)b);
SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
} else {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
}
void get_version(uint8_t c) {
switch (c) {
case 0x80:
breply(HWVER);
break;
case 0x81:
breply(SWMAJ);
break;
case 0x82:
breply(SWMIN);
break;
case 0x93:
breply('S'); // serial programmer
break;
default:
breply(0);
}
}
void set_parameters() {
// call this after reading parameter packet into buff[]
param.devicecode = buff[0];
param.revision = buff[1];
param.progtype = buff[2];
param.parmode = buff[3];
param.polling = buff[4];
param.selftimed = buff[5];
param.lockbytes = buff[6];
param.fusebytes = buff[7];
param.flashpoll = buff[8];
// ignore buff[9] (= buff[8])
// following are 16 bits (big endian)
param.eeprompoll = beget16(&buff[10]);
param.pagesize = beget16(&buff[12]);
param.eepromsize = beget16(&buff[14]);
// 32 bits flashsize (big endian)
param.flashsize = buff[16] * 0x01000000
+ buff[17] * 0x00010000
+ buff[18] * 0x00000100
+ buff[19];
// AVR devices have active low reset, AT89Sx are active high
rst_active_high = (param.devicecode >= 0xe0);
}
void start_pmode() {
// Reset target before driving PIN_SCK or PIN_MOSI
// SPI.begin() will configure SS as output, so SPI master mode is selected.
// We have defined RESET as pin 10, which for many Arduinos is not the SS pin.
// So we have to configure RESET as output here,
// (reset_target() first sets the correct level)
reset_target(true);
pinMode(RESET, OUTPUT);
SPI.begin();
SPI.beginTransaction(SPISettings(SPI_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, SPI_MODE0));
// See AVR datasheets, chapter "SERIAL_PRG Programming Algorithm":
// Pulse RESET after PIN_SCK is low:
digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);
delay(20); // discharge PIN_SCK, value arbitrarily chosen
reset_target(false);
// Pulse must be minimum 2 target CPU clock cycles so 100 usec is ok for CPU
// speeds above 20 KHz
delayMicroseconds(100);
reset_target(true);
// Send the enable programming command:
delay(50); // datasheet: must be > 20 msec
spi_transaction(0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00);
pmode = 1;
}
void end_pmode() {
SPI.end();
// We're about to take the target out of reset so configure SPI pins as input
pinMode(PIN_MOSI, INPUT);
pinMode(PIN_SCK, INPUT);
reset_target(false);
pinMode(RESET, INPUT);
pmode = 0;
}
void universal() {
uint8_t ch;
fill(4);
ch = spi_transaction(buff[0], buff[1], buff[2], buff[3]);
breply(ch);
}
void flash(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr, uint8_t data) {
spi_transaction(0x40 + 8 * hilo,
addr >> 8 & 0xFF,
addr & 0xFF,
data);
}
void commit(unsigned int addr) {
if (PROG_FLICKER) {
prog_lamp(LOW);
}
spi_transaction(0x4C, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0);
if (PROG_FLICKER) {
delay(PTIME);
prog_lamp(HIGH);
}
}
unsigned int current_page() {
if (param.pagesize == 32) {
return here & 0xFFFFFFF0;
}
if (param.pagesize == 64) {
return here & 0xFFFFFFE0;
}
if (param.pagesize == 128) {
return here & 0xFFFFFFC0;
}
if (param.pagesize == 256) {
return here & 0xFFFFFF80;
}
return here;
}
void write_flash(int length) {
fill(length);
if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
SERIAL.print((char)write_flash_pages(length));
} else {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
}
uint8_t write_flash_pages(int length) {
int x = 0;
unsigned int page = current_page();
while (x < length) {
if (page != current_page()) {
commit(page);
page = current_page();
}
flash(LOW, here, buff[x++]);
flash(HIGH, here, buff[x++]);
here++;
}
commit(page);
return STK_OK;
}
#define EECHUNK (32)
uint8_t write_eeprom(unsigned int length) {
// here is a word address, get the byte address
unsigned int start = here * 2;
unsigned int remaining = length;
if (length > param.eepromsize) {
ISPError++;
return STK_FAILED;
}
while (remaining > EECHUNK) {
write_eeprom_chunk(start, EECHUNK);
start += EECHUNK;
remaining -= EECHUNK;
}
write_eeprom_chunk(start, remaining);
return STK_OK;
}
// write (length) bytes, (start) is a byte address
uint8_t write_eeprom_chunk(unsigned int start, unsigned int length) {
// this writes byte-by-byte, page writing may be faster (4 bytes at a time)
fill(length);
prog_lamp(LOW);
for (unsigned int x = 0; x < length; x++) {
unsigned int addr = start + x;
spi_transaction(0xC0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, buff[x]);
delay(45);
}
prog_lamp(HIGH);
return STK_OK;
}
void program_page() {
char result = (char)STK_FAILED;
unsigned int length = 256 * getch();
length += getch();
char memtype = getch();
// flash memory @here, (length) bytes
if (memtype == 'F') {
write_flash(length);
return;
}
if (memtype == 'E') {
result = (char)write_eeprom(length);
if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
SERIAL.print(result);
} else {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
return;
}
SERIAL.print((char)STK_FAILED);
return;
}
uint8_t flash_read(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr) {
return spi_transaction(0x20 + hilo * 8,
(addr >> 8) & 0xFF,
addr & 0xFF,
0);
}
char flash_read_page(int length) {
for (int x = 0; x < length; x += 2) {
uint8_t low = flash_read(LOW, here);
SERIAL.print((char)low);
uint8_t high = flash_read(HIGH, here);
SERIAL.print((char)high);
here++;
}
return STK_OK;
}
char eeprom_read_page(int length) {
// here again we have a word address
int start = here * 2;
for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {
int addr = start + x;
uint8_t ee = spi_transaction(0xA0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0xFF);
SERIAL.print((char)ee);
}
return STK_OK;
}
void read_page() {
char result = (char)STK_FAILED;
int length = 256 * getch();
length += getch();
char memtype = getch();
if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
return;
}
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
if (memtype == 'F') {
result = flash_read_page(length);
}
if (memtype == 'E') {
result = eeprom_read_page(length);
}
SERIAL.print(result);
}
void read_signature() {
if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
return;
}
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
uint8_t high = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
SERIAL.print((char)high);
uint8_t middle = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00);
SERIAL.print((char)middle);
uint8_t low = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00);
SERIAL.print((char)low);
SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
}
//////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////
void avrisp() {
uint8_t ch = getch();
switch (ch) {
case '0': // signon
ISPError = 0;
empty_reply();
break;
case '1':
if (getch() == CRC_EOP) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);
SERIAL.print("AVR ISP");
SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);
} else {
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
break;
case 'A':
get_version(getch());
break;
case 'B':
fill(20);
set_parameters();
empty_reply();
break;
case 'E': // extended parameters - ignore for now
fill(5);
empty_reply();
break;
case 'P':
if (!pmode) {
start_pmode();
}
empty_reply();
break;
case 'U': // set address (word)
here = getch();
here += 256 * getch();
empty_reply();
break;
case 0x60: //STK_PROG_FLASH
getch(); // low addr
getch(); // high addr
empty_reply();
break;
case 0x61: //STK_PROG_DATA
getch(); // data
empty_reply();
break;
case 0x64: //STK_PROG_PAGE
program_page();
break;
case 0x74: //STK_READ_PAGE 't'
read_page();
break;
case 'V': //0x56
universal();
break;
case 'Q': //0x51
ISPError = 0;
end_pmode();
empty_reply();
break;
case 0x75: //STK_READ_SIGN 'u'
read_signature();
break;
// expecting a command, not CRC_EOP
// this is how we can get back in sync
case CRC_EOP:
ISPError++;
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
break;
// anything else we will return STK_UNKNOWN
default:
ISPError++;
if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_UNKNOWN);
} else {
SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);
}
}
}
Fritzing Circuit
KiCad Schematic
Video Demonstration
Note
In this chapter, all snippets of sketch codes are from the official Arduino Examples.